With the continuous progress of anesthetic drugs, equipment and instruments, and the application of new theoretical techniques, anesthesia methods have been enriched and increased, especially the application of several anesthetic drugs or methods in combination with each other in a comprehensive and balanced compound is increasingly common, making the classification of anesthesia methods more complex.
Now the anesthesia methods are classified as follows.
1.General anesthesia.
(1) inhalation anesthesia.
(2) intravenous anesthesia.
(3) basic anesthesia (rectal injection, intramuscular injection).
2.Regional anesthesia.
(1) intravertebral anesthesia (subarachnoid block, epidural space block, sacral block)
(2) Nerve and plexus block: cervical plexus block, brachial plexus block and upper limb nerve block, lumbosacral plexus block and lower limb nerve block, trunk nerve block (intercostal nerve block, paravertebral nerve block, perineal nerve block), sympathetic nerve block (stellate ganglion block, thoracolumbar sympathetic nerve block), cerebral nerve block (trigeminal nerve block, glossopharyngeal nerve block).
3.Local anesthesia.
(1) surface anesthesia.
(2) local infiltration anesthesia.
(3) regional block anesthesia.
(4) intravenous local anesthesia.
4.Acupuncture analgesia and anesthesia
5.Compound anesthesia.
(1) the compound of different drugs: procaine intravenous compound general anesthesia, neuroleptic analgesia anesthesia, etc.
(2) compound of different methods: static suction compound general anesthesia, needle-drug compound anesthesia, etc.
(3) special methods of compounding: general anesthesia compounded with general hypothermia (hypothermia), controlled hypotension, etc. Anesthesia is a method to artificially eliminate nociception to facilitate the safe and smooth operation. The basic requirement is to effectively eliminate pain and discomfort, and make local muscle relaxation, to facilitate surgical operations, anesthesia should be safe, reversible and easy to recover at the same time.
Anesthesia has the following forms.
1, general anesthesia: anesthetics cause central nervous system depression, so that the peripheral body does not feel pain, accompanied by loss of consciousness. Divided into inhalation anesthesia (such as anflurane, isoflurane) and intravenous anesthesia (such as thiopentone, isoproterenol).
2. Site anesthesia: The anesthetic temporarily blocks the nociceptive nerve conduction function in a certain part of the body, creating a localized area of nociceptive deficiency. The advantages are that the patient remains awake during surgery, can cooperate, and the interference with vital organ function is slight. The specific modalities are surface anesthesia, local infiltration anesthesia, nerve block anesthesia, and intralesional anesthesia (commonly known as: hemi-anesthesia). Procaine is the most commonly used and least toxic local anesthetic, but a skin test is required before surgery.
3, acupuncture anesthesia: acupuncture certain acupuncture points to analgesia, so that the patient is quiet awake during surgery to raise. Needle anesthesia to the head, face, neck and chest surgery is more effective.
4, compound anesthesia: the above-mentioned anesthesia has its own advantages and disadvantages, the clinical use of several methods are often used in combination, in order to complement each other’s strengths and weaknesses, so that anesthesia more perfect. Such as local anesthesia and general anesthesia composite, intravenous anesthesia and inhalation anesthesia composite, etc.
The increasing development of anesthesia technology has not only provided realistic conditions and safety guarantee for more difficult and high-precision surgeries, but also has penetrated into the therapeutic fields of rescuing critically ill patients and relieving severe pain, which has greatly expanded the ability of human beings to resist diseases. Of course, minimizing or even completely eliminating the negative effects of anesthesia on the organism is still the direction of modern anesthesiology efforts.