Cerebral atherosclerosis is part of systemic atherosclerosis and is the main pathogenic basis for acute cerebral ischemic attacks. Because the formation process of atherosclerosis is slow, progressive spread and aggravation occurs with age, it is easy to be ignored. When atherosclerosis becomes severe to a certain degree, cerebral blood vessels narrow, cerebral blood flow brain tissue will soften and necrosis due to ischemia, brain cell degeneration and death, and finally produce brain atrophy and cerebral atherosclerotic dementia. Severe patients can have a serious stroke and life-threatening, even if they can survive, they will be left with serious sequelae. The incidence of this disease is increasing year by year with social development and changes in life and diet, and the incidence of stroke is 1-2 per 1,000 in China. Endovascular treatment is mainly angioplasty and arterial stenting, while surgical treatment includes internal carotid artery endothelial debridement and cerebrovascular bypass surgery. Cerebrovascular bypass surgery began in 1967, and in the past decade, neurosurgeons at home and abroad have done a lot of work to improve the prognosis of patients with cerebral ischemia caused by cerebral atherosclerosis and stenosis. The Carotid Occlusion Surgery Stady trial in 2003 showed a 40% reduction in the incidence of ischemic stroke and death during the perioperative period and 2 years after surgery. The bypass surgery is simple, freeing the superficial temporal artery from the scalp and anastomosing with a 1 mm diameter vessel on the surface of the brain, without causing direct damage to the brain tissue and with little trauma, and has a broad application prospect. Cerebral atherosclerosis causes serious consequences to patients, and it is important to prevent the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Doctors recommend firstly to control the risk factors leading to cerebrovascular disease, such as hypertensive disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, etc., and timely medication. The next step is to eat properly, exercise properly, release depression or tension, quit smoking and avoid alcohol abuse.