Dysmenorrhea is a common symptom that severely interferes with a woman’s quality of life and work. Primary dysmenorrhea is associated with the release of prostaglandins (PG) from the endometrium during menstruation. The endometrium and menstrual blood of dysmenorrheal patients contain significantly higher levels of prostaglandins than those of normal women, and the higher the concentration of PG, the more severe the symptoms of dysmenorrhea are. PG can induce contraction of the uterine smooth muscle, resulting in labor-like spasmodic colic pain in the lower abdomen. The occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea is also affected by mental and neurological factors. Thought anxiety and fear can stimulate pelvic pain fibers through the central nervous system. For the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea, we should pay attention to mental psychotherapy, to understand that mild discomfort during menstruation is a physiological reaction, emotional tension can aggravate the symptoms of dysmenorrhea. When the pain is intolerable, oral pain medication, prostaglandin synthase inhibitors, can inhibit the cyclooxygenase system to reduce the production of prostaglandins, for dysmenorrhea symptoms can be relieved up to 90%. In addition, for women who require contraception, oral contraceptives can also inhibit ovulation, the lack of corpus luteum, no endogenous progesterone production, progesterone is the endometrial synthesis of prostaglandins necessary, which can also make the menstrual blood prostaglandins lower. Primary dysmenorrhea can be treated with pain medication, but for secondary dysmenorrhea, the primary cause should be treated first.