Nowadays, the number of people suffering from diabetes is increasing, and it has gradually become a common disease, before it is in everyone’s mind that diabetes is a disease that middle-aged people and the elderly are prone to. But now there are more and more little sugar people, diabetes is gradually showing a trend of lower age, and even many children with diabetes have complications! Why do young children also get diabetes? 1, genetic factors: It is generally believed that genetics is an important reason for children to get diabetes. According to statistics, if one parent has diabetes, the incidence of the offspring is 3% to 7%; if both parents are diabetic, the incidence of the offspring can be 30% to 50%. In addition, environmental factors and immune factors are recognized as closely related to the development of diabetes. 2.Pathophysiology: Insufficient secretion of insulin or complete lack of insulin causes decrease in glucose utilization, while some counter-regulatory hormones such as glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol and growth hormone secretion increase, prompting increased hepatic glycogenolysis and glycogen isogenesis, accelerated lipolysis and protein catabolism, eventually leading to increased blood glucose and increased blood osmotic pressure. 3, environmental factors: Over the years, there have been reports of the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus related to the infection of a variety of viruses, such as rubella virus, rib adenitis virus, coxsackie virus, cerebral cardiomyopathy virus and other infections after the occurrence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. When a pediatric patient suffers from diabetes, in addition to active treatment to stabilize blood sugar, the other thing is to be alert to the emergence of complications. The main complications of pediatric diabetes are the following, and parents can learn more about them to be warned. 1, ketoacidosis: ketoacidosis is the most common acute complication of diabetes in children. Its occurrence and development are related to a variety of factors, such as infection, loss of control of diet, and interruption of insulin therapy. The occurrence of ketoacidosis is related to the absolute deficiency of insulin on the one hand, and the relative or absolute increase of insulin antagonistic hormones on the other hand. Some people in China reported that pediatric diabetes mellitus, combined with ketoacidosis can reach 50%. 2, diabetic nephropathy: children with long duration and early onset of the disease can be accompanied by diabetic nephropathy, the incidence is related to the duration of the disease, about 8.0% for 5-9 years, 25.2% for 10-14 years, and 33.8% for more than 15 years, the lesions are dominated by mild glomerular hyperplasia, causing diffuse and nodular glomerulosclerosis. Measurement of urinary albumin (30-300mg/24h, or 20-200ug/min) can diagnose diabetic nephropathy early. As the disease progresses, clinical proteinuria (>0.5g/24h) or even renal failure can occur. Retinopathy and cataract: Most children with diabetes are combined with simple non-proliferative retinopathy 10-15 years after the disease, retinopathy is closely related to poor glycemic control, mild retinopathy can improve with glycemic control. The 5-year blindness rate after the development of proliferative retinopathy in children with diabetes is about 50%. In addition, the non-enzymatic glycosylation reaction caused by hyperglycemia thickens the basement membrane of capillaries and damages the cells of the canal wall, forming the characteristic changes of retinopathy. Cataracts also occur in a few patients. 4, neuropathy: The nerve damage in children with diabetes is mainly related to the demyelination of peripheral nerves and peripheral nerve lesions. This demyelination change is related to the deposition of immunoglobulin and the formation of glycation end products (AGES) by non-enzymatic glycosylation of peripheral nerve myelin. It manifests as numbness, tingling and burning sensation in the limbs. If the disease is long, it can be accompanied by gastrointestinal dysfunction and urinary disorders and other autonomic neuropathy, and the central nervous system can also be involved, such as brain atrophy. 5. Infection: Diabetic patients can have any infection at any time, and diabetes deteriorates rapidly whenever the infection occurs. Diagnosis and treatment should be timely, severe infections can occur toxic shock, if this time only pay attention to rescue shock and ignore the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes, can cause serious consequences should be alert.