Acute upper respiratory tract infection refers to the acute inflammation of the nasal cavity, pharynx or larynx. Usually also used “cold”, “rhinitis”, “acute pharyngitis”, “acute tonsillitis” and other terms of diagnosis, collectively referred to as “upper respiratory tract infection”. Upper respiratory tract infections, referred to as “epiglottitis”, is the most common acute infectious disease in children, but also the most common cause of outpatient visits to children. As the temperature drops and the climate dries out, the number of children’s respiratory and fever outpatient visits begins to soar under the hazy weather. Here are a few key questions about common childhood colds. First, the common causes of upper respiratory tract infections Primary upper respiratory tract infections pathogens are mainly viruses, which can account for more than 90%, in recent years, atypical pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, etc. in the respiratory tract infections accounted for the proportion of the gradual increase in the trend. Bacterial infections are rare. After viral infection, due to the weakening of the barrier effect of the respiratory mucosa, resistance is lowered, often complicated by mixed infections. In acute upper respiratory tract infections, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and coronavirus are more common. Second, the occurrence of upper respiratory tract infections children’s groups and preventive measures Malnutrition, lack of exercise or excessive fatigue, as well as allergies in children, due to the body’s resistance and defense ability to reduce, easy to occur upper respiratory tract infections. Secondly, the prevalence of upper respiratory tract infections is also very much related to the season. The winter and spring seasons in the north, when the climate is cold and changeable, and the rainy season in the south, when the humidity is high, are more likely to cause the prevalence of upper respiratory tract infections. It is common for parents to question why their child has a cold just when they are in the clinic. Taking Beijing as an example, the dense population, serious air haze, and lack of physical exercise are all contributors to the frequent occurrence of upper respiratory tract infections in children. Therefore, strengthening children’s personal physical fitness, increasing physical exercise, improving nutrition and improving protection skills against harsh environments can reduce the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections in children. Currently available medications for prevention include astragalus, pidomod, and bacterial lysis products. The above drugs can improve the body’s cellular and humoral immunity, and for children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, the application can reduce the number of recurrences. Appropriate supplementation of trace elements and vitamins also plays a role. The latest research shows that the application of attenuated virus vaccine nasal drops or nebulized inhalation can stimulate the mucosal surface of the upper respiratory tract SIgA production, enhance the respiratory tract’s ability to defend against infection. Third, the upper respiratory tract infection and influenza the same? Influenza is short for influenza, a common acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza viruses, belonging to the category C national statutory infectious diseases. But influenza has a clear epidemiological history, there are systemic symptoms such as high fever, limb pain, headache, etc., systemic toxicity symptoms are obvious, the general nasopharyngeal symptoms (such as nasal secretion) and coughing than the systemic toxicity symptoms are light. Fourth, the blood characteristics of upper respiratory tract infection Usually children with upper respiratory tract infection, especially with fever, chills, poor nausea, poor mental state and other manifestations, routine blood tests for the initial judgment of the cause of the disease, to guide the treatment and the application of antibiotics is very significant. Generally speaking, when fever is high and white blood cells are low, common acute viral upper respiratory tract infections should be considered, and infectious diseases such as influenza, measles, malaria and typhoid fever should be ruled out according to the local epidemiological situation and the contact history of the children. Significantly elevated leukocytes and C-reactive protein are usually considered in bacterial infections, but the total number of leukocytes can be as high as about 15 × 109/L within the first few hours of illness in viral infections, but the neutrophil rate rarely exceeds 75%. When the white blood cells are particularly high, it is necessary to pay attention to the possibility of bacterial pneumonia, infectious mononucleosis and pertussis. V. Treatment principles of upper respiratory tract infection The treatment of upper respiratory tract infection is based on adequate rest, supportive therapy and strengthening of general care. Antibiotics for viral infections is not only ineffective, but also can cause flora imbalance, should be avoided. When the disease is serious and combined with bacterial infection, antibacterial drugs can be added, such as penicillin, cephalosporin and macrolides, with a course of treatment of 3-5 days. Prohibit the use of aminoglycosides and quinolone antibiotics that have clear adverse effects on children. Nebulized inhalation therapy is also a powerful measure for children with significant cough and sputum.