Routine urine examination includes three parts: general urine properties examination, urine chemical examination, and urine sediment microscopy. Comprehensive analysis of urine routine examination is the most important index to judge kidney disease as well as kidney function. General urine properties include urine volume, urine color, transparency, foam, odor, pH, specific gravity; urine biochemical examination includes urine protein characterization, urine sugar, urine ketone bodies, urine bilirubin, urine bilirubin, urine nitrite; urine sediment microscopy mainly includes red blood cells, white blood cells, pus cells, epithelial skin cells, tubular type, salt crystals, sulfonamide crystals, and fat droplets, mucus filaments, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, etc. . In normal people, the urine volume is usually between 500-2500ml, with an average of about 1500ml, and the urine volume exceeding 2500ml/24 hours is called polyuria, which can be seen in large amounts of water or diuretic food, impaired renal tubular concentration, diabetes mellitus, pituitary uremia, and psychogenic polyuria. Urine volume of less than 100ml1 is called anuria. Oliguria and anuria can be seen in prenephrosis, nephrosis or postnephrosis renal failure. Normal urine is pale yellow in color. The shade of urine depends on the degree of urine concentration, urine pH and can be affected by certain foods and medications. Pale or colorless urine is commonly associated with heavy water consumption, uremia, and diabetes mellitus. Yellow to orange-colored urine can be seen in concentrated urine, consumption of foods or medications containing yellow pigments, as well as in fever, water loss, and other hypermetabolic diseases. Yellow-brown, yellow-green to brown-green urine is seen in addition to the consumption of drugs such as rhubarb, senna, and Myristica fragrans, and is also seen in hepatocellular, obstructive, or hemolytic xanthogranuloma. Brown or brownish-black urine can be seen in the presence of orthoferric hemoglobin, uronic acid, melanin, hydrogen awakening and catechol in the urine. Reddish urine can be seen in the presence of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, myoglobin, and yelin in the urine, as well as in the consumption of beets, chromogranin, and drugs such as aminopyrine, aminosulfonamide, benzodiazepine, and rhubarb, santoprene, senna, and rifampin. Urine may be green in Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis, and milky urine should be considered to have celiac disease, pus, fat, or large amounts of salt in the urine. Common causes of cloudy urine include: ① urine left for a long time leading to salt precipitation or bacterial multiplication; ② hematuria, pus, bacteriuria, lipiduria, celiac disease, and urine containing a large number of epithelial cells can lead to cloudiness in freshly discharged urine. Normal urine can have a small amount of self-colored or yellowish foam after shaking, and a large amount of proteinuria is common when a large amount of foam is produced in the urine. The smell of ammonia in fresh urine suggests chronic bladder infection and chronic urinary retention. Urine can have a fecal odor in E. coli infection, while urine with rotten apple odor mentions not diabetic ketoacidosis. Normal urine is weakly acidic. High protein diet, acidosis, fever, severe potassium deficiency, gout, and the administration of certain acidic drugs such as press chloride and vitamin C can lead to acidic urine, while alkaline urine is seen in eating large amounts of vegetables or fruits, alkalosis, and type I renal tubular acid toxicity. Urease producing bacterial infections or contamination, taking sodium bicarbonate, vincristine sulfonamide, and mizolinic diuretics. Urine specific gravity may vary with water intake, urinary protein, sugar, and urea nitrogen levels. Under normal diet, the highest specific gravity of urine in shaking hours is less than 1.018, and the specific gravity difference is less than 0.009, which often indicates renal tubular concentration dysfunction. If the specific gravity of urine is fixed at 1.010, it indicates serious impairment of renal function and poor renal tubular function. When there is an increase in egg, sugar or other solutes in the urine, testing the urine crystal osmolality can better reflect the renal tubular concentration function than the urine specific gravity. In normal subjects, urine protein is negative. In the case of an increase in urinary protein, glomerular proteinuria, tubular proteinuria, overflow proteinuria, and tissue proteinuria should be considered. Urine glucose is negative in normal subjects. Elevated urine glucose is seen in elevated blood glucose, renal diabetes, stress diabetes, and heavy carbohydrate consumption. Fructosuria or galactosuria may occur in patients with cirrhosis, and lactosuria may occur in lactating women, and should be distinguished from the common glucosuria. Positive urinary ketone bodies are commonly seen in diabetic ketoacidosis, severe vomiting in pregnancy, subacute pain, strenuous activity, starvation, accelerated fat mobilization due to stress, and increased hepatic ketone body production. Celiac disease is commonly associated with extensive abdominal lymphatic obstruction and/or thoracic duct obstruction cold, the vast majority of which is caused by Bancroftian filariasis and very rarely by tuberculosis, tumors, trauma, surgery, primary lymphatic duct disease, pregnancy, renal mononeuritis, encapsulated worm disease, and malaria. Normal urine is negative or weakly positive for urinary bilirubin, urobilinogen and urobilin. Positive urinary bilirubin is usually seen in hepatocellular or obstructive xanthogranuloma, while positive urobilinogen and urobilin can be seen in hepatocellular as well as hemolytic xanthogranuloma. Increased red blood cells in urine, also known as hematuria, is one of the common clinical manifestations of various urological, medical, and systemic diseases, and is also occasionally seen under physiological conditions such as strenuous activity, high fever, severe cold, heavy physical labor, and prolonged standing. Once hematuria is found, local diagnosis and etiological diagnosis should be carried out carefully. Leukocytosis of urine towels can be seen not only in nephrolithiasis. , cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, renal tuberculosis, but also in allergic interstitial nephritis and various glomerulonephritis. Increased flat epithelial cells in urine are mainly seen in vaginal secretion contamination or urethritis; increased large round epithelial cells are seen in cystitis; caudate epithelial cells are seen in pyelonephritis, ureteral or bladder neck inflammation; underlying migrating epithelial cells are from the ureter, bladder and deep urethral epithelium and are seen in stones, infection-induced injury in the above mentioned areas. epithelial cells, which can be seen in various diseases with tubular injury. The tubular type in urine includes six types: clear tubular type, red blood cell tubular type, granular tubular type, fat tubular type, renal failure tubular type, and wax-like tubular type. Clear tubular patterns can be found in the early morning concentrated urine of normal people, and they can be seen in the urine of strenuous activity, high fever, general anesthesia and cardiac insufficiency, but increased clear tubular patterns in urine are also common in various renal parenchymal lesions. Erythrocyte tubular pattern is commonly seen in acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, acute tubular necrosis, acute rejection of renal transplantation, and various renal parenchymal hemorrhagic diseases. The leukocytic tubular pattern is mostly seen in renal monsin nephritis and also in acute nephritis. Epithelial cell tubular pattern often suggests tubular lesions. Fine granular tubular pattern is seen in acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, while coarse granular tubular pattern is seen in chronic glomerulonephritis and tubular injury caused by various drugs and heavy metal poisoning. Fatty tubular type is commonly seen in patients with nephrotic syndrome. The tubular pattern of renal failure can be seen in the early stage of polyuria in acute renal failure. The presence of such a tubular pattern in chronic renal failure indicates accelerated fat mobilization and poor hepatic ketogenesis due to the pre-excited state. The presence of waxy tubular patterns generally suggests the presence of long-term severe renal pathology, such as chronic renal failure and amyloidosis nephropathy. The presence of sarcosine crystals in the urine suggests sarcosine disease; the presence of leucine and tyrosine nodules often suggests autosoluble changes in the liver, such as acute yellow anal necrosis. The common uric acid, calcium oxalate, phosphate and other crystals in urine are generally not clinically significant, but if they appear frequently or in large quantities in fresh urine with microscopic hematuria, the possibility of stones should be suspected. In addition, the discovery of urine crystals can be helpful in determining the nature of urinary stones.