Diabetes mellitus, is a common metabolic disease. It is a disease caused by an absolute or relative lack of insulin in the human body, which increases the concentration of glucose in the blood and causes a large amount of glucose to be excreted from the urine, resulting in symptoms such as excessive drinking, urination, overeating, wasting, dizziness and weakness, which in turn leads to serious acute complications and various chronic complications throughout the body, eventually leading to disabilities such as blindness, hemiplegia and amputation, affecting the quality of life and threatening physical health. Classification of diabetes mellitus More than 90% of diabetes mellitus is type 2 diabetes mellitus, which mostly develops after the age of 30. Most patients have normal or even excessive insulin production in their bodies in the early stage, but the effect of insulin is greatly reduced and cannot effectively lower sugar, so the insulin in patients’ bodies is a relative lack. There are also some patients who are unable to maintain normal blood sugar because their own insulin production is significantly reduced due to unsatisfactory blood sugar control for a long time. There are also less than 5% of patients with type 1 diabetes, which mostly develops in adolescents, with large blood glucose fluctuations and an absolute lack of insulin in the body, which must be dependent on insulin for a long time. In addition, there are a few patients who have gestational diabetes or special types of diabetes. Causes of Diabetes The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in China in the twenty-first century has ranked third in the world, after the United States and India, at 50 million. Surveys in major cities such as Beijing and Shanghai have found the prevalence of diabetes to be over 10%. How does such a large amount of diabetes occur? So far there is no clear theory on the cause of diabetes, but it is believed to be related to the following factors: 1. genetic factors: similar to type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes also has a family onset, so it is related to genetic inheritance, and this genetic characteristic type 2 diabetes is more significant than type 1 diabetes. 2, obesity: is an important cause of type 2 diabetes. The center type obese patient whose excess fat mainly accumulates in the abdomen is more likely to have type 2 diabetes than those whose fat is concentrated in the buttocks and thighs who are peripherally obese. 3, age: half of the type 2 diabetes patients after the age of 55 years. This is related to the older people are prone to overweight. Moreover, their own pancreatic function is also gradually reduced with age. 4, modern lifestyle: excessive intake of high-calorie food and reduced exercise has become an important external factor causing type 2 diabetes in modern society, which is also an important reason for obesity. In addition, the stressful living environment and excessive mental stress are also external causes of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is now generally believed that type 2 diabetes mostly occurs quietly on the basis of having genetic factors, being in a state of excessive intake of high-calorie food for a long time and significantly reduced exercise consumption or/and being in a stressful and high-pressure environment. This chance of developing diabetes increases significantly with age. It has also been found that type 2 diabetes is not associated with a single gene variation or damage, but with mutations and damage to multiple genes. The increasing number of people with type 2 diabetes in modern living environments suggests that genetic inheritance is not the only factor in the development of type 2 diabetes, but that external factors such as obesity, advanced age, modern poor lifestyle and poor environment play a more important role in the development of diabetes. Diabetes Diagnostic Criteria The European Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) put forward the same recommendations, and in the 2005 global guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes, it is clearly proposed that under normal circumstances, fasting blood glucose should not exceed 5.6mmol/L, and 2 hours postprandial blood glucose is less than 7.8mmol/L. The latest diagnostic index of diabetes by the American Diabetes Association in 1997 has been the internationally accepted diagnostic standard. Simply put, diabetes is diagnosed when blood glucose rises to any of the following two criteria Fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0mmol/L 2 hours after meal blood glucose ≥ 11.1mmol/L The 2 hours after meal here is often defined as 2 hours after starting a meal with 75 grams of glucose or 2 buns. Doctors need to combine clinical aspects when making a diagnosis. If there are symptoms, diabetes can be judged as long as there is one fasting or postprandial blood glucose meeting the above diagnostic criteria. If completely] symptomatic, it takes two times of fasting or postprandial blood sugar reaching the above criteria, or both fasting and postprandial blood sugar reaching the above criteria, to be judged as diabetes. Hazards of diabetes Ketoacidosis and non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma are acute complications of diabetes. They can damage various organs of the body, especially the brain, heart and kidney, because of the excessive production of ketone bodies in the body or the formation of excessive osmotic pressure, and coma can occur in serious cases, and untimely resuscitation treatment can be life-threatening. Before the discovery of insulin, patients with type 1 diabetes often died from ketoacidosis. The chronic complications of diabetes, including diabetic nephropathy, ophthalmopathy, neuropathy, podiatry, and heart, brain, and macrovascular disease, are not apparent for a long time in the early stages and cannot be taken seriously enough. When the symptoms become obvious, the time for effective treatment is often missed and the progress of the disease cannot be stopped, resulting in uremia due to renal insufficiency, blindness due to retinal exudation and hemorrhage, amputation due to uncontrollable foot infection, myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction due to systemic arteriosclerosis, blood thickening and thrombosis, leading to heart failure or hemiplegia, etc. Type 2 diabetes is light and develops slowly, and is not prone to acute Type 2 diabetes is slow to develop and is not prone to acute complications; however, the older age of onset and the presence of obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperviscosity, and hyperuricemia provide a breeding ground for chronic complications, which are particularly likely to occur. These chronic complications are also the main cause of disability, blindness, and loss of work capacity, which seriously affect the quality of life of patients and increase the economic burden of patients and the medical expenses of society, and therefore, are more harmful to patients and society. Treatment of diabetes Since it is not clear how diabetes develops, so far there is no “cure” for diabetes, so any kind of “cure for diabetes” drugs, prescriptions and secrets are pale and powerless. Otherwise, there would not be such a large number of people with diabetes. The purpose of treating diabetes is to effectively control blood glucose and other metabolic disorders, reduce and delay the occurrence and development of complications, extend life expectancy, and improve the quality of life of patients. The treatment of diabetes must take comprehensive measures, not only to make blood glucose reach the standard, but also to restore blood pressure, blood lipids, blood viscosity, blood uric acid and other indicators to normal. Some patients are satisfied with blood glucose close to normal, or do not pay attention to the monitoring and control of other indicators, so the treatment is half the effort. A large number of studies have found that the incidence of macrovascular complications such as hypertension, coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction is already significantly higher than normal in the stage of impaired fasting blood glucose and low glucose tolerance reduction, and this phenomenon is even more obvious after diabetes; keeping indicators such as blood glucose in the standard state, the incidence of these complications is significantly reduced. The comprehensive treatment of diabetes is based on the principles of education, diet, exercise, medication and monitoring. Patients must be fully aware and understand which habits affect the treatment of diabetes and be able to consciously correct them, treat the disease with a good attitude, and actively manage themselves in order to effectively control the development of the disease. Otherwise, the rest of the treatment will be impossible to talk about. Therefore, education is a prerequisite for diabetes treatment to reach the standard. Only if patients can arrange their diet, living and exercise scientifically according to the knowledge they have acquired, can the ideal control of diabetes become possible; otherwise, no medicine can completely counteract the evil consequences of over-eating, reluctance to exercise and stressful busyness. Only by abandoning bad habits such as fondness for sweets, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can one have the opportunity to experience the normal feeling created by ideal control of diabetes. Therefore, diet control and exercise therapy are the basis for diabetes treatment to reach the standard. Early diabetics can even achieve blood glucose targets in these ways without medication for a while. The therapeutic effects and side effects of glucose-lowering drugs vary, as does the patient’s condition and sensitivity to the drug, as well as the effect of the drug on complications. Therefore, one drug cannot be suitable for all diabetics, and the treatment plan must be individualized. It is best to choose appropriate drugs for combination therapy under the guidance of endocrinologist according to the condition, so as to achieve good control of various indicators. Studies have found that most type 2 diabetic patients have decreased islet function by about 50% at the time of definite diagnosis, and this decrease is mainly caused by hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. After using insulin and other drugs to normalize blood glucose and blood lipids, islet function can be improved to different degrees. Therefore, insulin should be applied as early as possible in type 2 diabetes, and the combined application with oral hypoglycemic drugs is more ideal. In fact, insulin can be increased or decreased at any time according to the condition or switched to oral hypoglycemic drugs, without the suspicion of “addiction and dependence”. Monitoring of various indicators can help ensure the suitability and effectiveness of the treatment plan and help detect chronic complications of diabetes at an early stage, which is an indispensable part of diabetes treatment. In addition to monitoring blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, which represents the average blood glucose level for three months and is normally <6.5%, can more effectively reflect the control of blood glucose and is also the main indicator for monitoring. In addition, blood pressure, blood lipids, blood uric acid, blood rheology, liver and kidney function, urine microalbumin, fundus examination and pancreatic function are all essential items that can be scheduled for testing according to the course of the disease and the presence or absence of complications. Prevention of diabetes From the diagnostic criteria of diabetes, we can see that there is still a distance between the blood sugar level of normal people and diabetes. This stage of fasting blood sugar we call impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and this stage of postprandial blood sugar is called impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). If left unattended, these two stages can easily develop into diabetes. If attention is paid to adjusting diet, increasing exercise and regular life right at this time, most people can continue to maintain their current state or even return to normal blood sugar level. Nowadays, health checkups in China are getting more and more attention, and both fasting blood sugar and postprandial blood sugar should be used as indicators for testing. Once detected early, the occurrence of type 2 diabetes can be completely avoided by removing these undesirable external factors. The survey found that the number of adolescents who develop type 2 diabetes because of obesity is increasing year by year, which has attracted great attention. This phenomenon suggests that we need to develop good dietary habits from adolescence onwards, avoiding partial eating, sweet tooth, excessive high-calorie diet, increasing vegetables and other high-fiber foods, developing a reasonable work and rest schedule, ensuring a certain amount of activity, and cultivating a healthy mindset so as to minimize the occurrence of diabetes.