Epilepsy, commonly known as lamb madness, is one of the common diseases in children, and many people have questions about it, saying that our family has not had this disease for several lifetimes, so why did our own children get this disease? So what are the causes of epilepsy? The cause of epilepsy is the abnormal discharge of neuronal populations caused by various reasons, with different forms of expression, some manifesting as limb twitching, some manifesting as limb tonicity, some manifesting as loss of body, loss of tone, etc. Zhang Jiyou, Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University How is epilepsy diagnosed? The most important thing to look at is the child’s clinical manifestations. Epilepsy can be diagnosed if there are typical convulsive manifestations, such as double vision, cyanosis of the lips, tonic twitching of the limbs, foaming at the mouth, and expiration, etc., and electrolyte disorders, infectious diseases, intracranial occupancy, genetic metabolic diseases, and cardiogenic diseases are excluded. How is epilepsy treated? The first choice for epilepsy treatment is antiepileptic drug therapy, which mostly starts with monotherapy. According to the seizure type of the child, valproic acid drugs are preferred for grand mal seizures and oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine drugs are preferred for petit mal seizures, and if monotherapy does not work well, consider adding drugs or changing the treatment. If the epilepsy is not completely controlled with the combination of 3 or more drugs, consider refractory epilepsy, which is difficult to control completely, and consider trying other treatment modalities, such as ketogenic diet, epilepsy surgery, and other treatment modalities. This article is authorized by Dr. Jiyou Zhang.