In 2017, the National Cancer Center released the latest cancer data for China, summarizing data from 347 cancer registries across the country. It shows that the number of new cancer cases continues to rise, reaching 3.68 million. In the same year, there were about 14.09 million new cases of cancer in the world, and China accounted for a quarter of the world’s new cancer cases; about 10,000 people are diagnosed with cancer every day nationwide, and about 7 people are diagnosed with cancer every minute. There is a risk of cancer attack at all stages of a person’s life. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the characteristics of common cancers in childhood, middle-age and old age to prevent them in a targeted way. Childhood Malignant tumors in children are one of the leading causes of death in children, second only to accidental death. Most childhood tumors originate from mesodermal or mesenchymal tissue cells and develop from immature embryonic tissues. They often occur in tissues and organs such as hematopoietic and lymphatic systems, central and peripheral nervous system and muscles. Although childhood tumors are very dangerous, if treated early, the prognosis is generally better than that of adult tumors, and their overall cure rate can reach over 70%. Common cancers 1. hematological tumors (leukemia, malignant lymphoma, most common); 2. central nervous system tumors (such as brain tumors); 3. sympathetic nervous system tumors (neuroblastoma mainly); 4. pediatric sarcomas (rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, etc.); 5. nephroblastoma, osteoma, retinoblastoma, etc. Common causative factors 1, pregnancy left the “root of the problem”: the mother during pregnancy or suffering from certain diseases, or long-term exposure to certain chemicals, or frequent exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, or the application of certain hormones, drugs, these factors can “stimulate” These factors will “stimulate” the germ cell gene mutation in the mother, which will lead to malignant tumor. 2.Heredity brings “evil consequences”: some children often carry the mutated genes inherited from their parents on their chromosomes, and malignant tumor can occur under the effect of certain factors; or the second mutation occurs under the stimulation of certain factors and malignant tumor occurs. 3. Acquired risk factors: environmental pollution, poor dietary habits, immune factors and viral infections after children’s birth, such as second-hand smoke, medical radiotherapy, chemicals, long-term high-fat and low-fiber diet, repeated minor injuries, etc. In addition, some parents are engaged in high-risk occupations, so their children get cancer through direct or indirect exposure to cancer-causing factors. Countermeasures Pregnant women should avoid exposure to harmful substances and use chloramphenicol and other drugs with caution. For pregnant women with family history of tumor, chromosome examination should be done. Children should strengthen outdoor exercise, enhance physical fitness and avoid repeated viral infections. Use medication scientifically, reduce indoor environment pollution at home and keep air circulation in children’s homes: stay away from microwave radiation; pay attention to food safety, eat less or forbid food with excessive preservatives and additives, and wash residual pesticides in vegetables and fruits. Middle-aged and young people As we grow older, the incidence of cancer increases accordingly, and the incidence rate increases rapidly after the age of 40. The age of 30 to 60 is the most dynamic time of life and the period of creating career, and also the most stressful time of life, when there are old people and young people, but it is also the time when adult malignant tumors first appear and break out at all times, which is unpreventable. It occurs in middle-aged people around 45 years old, but now it tends to be younger. Common cancers: 1. Lung cancer: According to the latest statistics, the incidence rate and mortality rate are the highest, and the high incidence age is 45-65 years old. Common factors include smoking, industrial exposure, air pollution, etc. It often manifests as chest pain, cough, chest tightness, sputum and blood, especially for long-term smokers. 2.Bowel cancer: The incidence of colorectal cancer in China accounts for 50% of the incidence rate of colorectal cancer under the age of 50, and 10%-20% of cases under the age of 30. Common causative factors include high animal protein, high fat and low fiber diet, genetic factors, non-cancerous disorders of the large intestine, etc. There are often blood in stool, mucus in stool, increased frequency of stool, abdominal pain and anemia, etc. 3.Gastric cancer: It occurs in middle-aged people around 45 years old, but now it tends to be younger. Common causative factors are Helicobacter pylori infection, dietary factors such as smoking and frying can produce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in food, nitrite secondary amines in pickled food, smoking, chronic atrophic gastritis and other precancerous lesions. In the early stage, it can be manifested as epigastric fullness and discomfort or hidden pain (heavy after meals), loss of appetite, warmth, acid reflux, etc. In the progressive stage, it can be manifested as weight loss, anemia, stomach pain, bleeding, black stool, etc. It has high malignancy, fast development, short course, and is usually found in the gastric sinus. 4.Breast cancer: Prevalent in middle-aged people aged 40-60 years old, with a median age of 47 years old. The common causative factors are family history, menstruation, marital factors (young age of menarche, late menopause and short menstrual cycle, infertility, late childbearing), obesity, alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy, etc. It is often manifested as breast lumps and changes in breast skin and nipples. 5.Liver cancer: The average age of the disease in China is 43.7 years old, and the death of liver cancer in the age group of 30-44 years old is the first among all malignant tumor deaths. Common causative factors include hepatitis virus, aflatoxin in food, drinking water pollution, alcohol consumption, etc. Common symptoms: pain, discomfort and fullness in the right upper abdomen, epigastric mass, loss of appetite, weakness and emaciation, etc. 6.Cervical cancer in China usually develops after 35 years old, with peak age at 45-49 years old, and is now a younger phenomenon. The common causative factors are HPV infection, sexual disorder, multiple pregnancy and multiple births, etc. Common manifestations are small amount of contact vaginal bleeding, recurrent vaginal discharge, pain in the lower abdomen, arms and lower limbs. Countermeasures 1.Regular experience, and even more so for high-risk groups, regular medical examination for cancer prevention; 2.Early treatment of precancerous lesions and regular monitoring; 3.Establishing good dietary habits and healthy lifestyle, quitting smoking and limiting alcohol, and strengthening exercise: 4.Keeping psychological health and timely stress reduction. Common causative factors include high animal protein, high fat and low fiber diet, genetic factors, non-cancerous disorders of the large intestine, etc. There are often symptoms such as blood in stool, mucus in stool, increased frequency of stool, abdominal pain and anemia. Old age As the society enters into aging, the base of elderly people is increasing, meanwhile, the number of elderly tumor patients also increases by a certain proportion. The incidence of cancer in adults starts to rise rapidly from the age of 40, and the risk of tumor development increases with age, reaching a peak at the age of 80. It is obvious that the immunity and physical function of the elderly are significantly lowered, combined with many chronic diseases, susceptible to the influence of carcinogens and the accumulation of carcinogenic factors, making them more prone to malignant tumors. Common cancers: lung cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, lymphoma and prostate cancer, etc. Countermeasures: 1. Quit smoking and limit alcohol to raise health awareness; 2. Develop a balanced and reasonable diet, a diversified and healthy diet, and consume more vegetables and various kinds of coarse grains; 3. 5.Regular medical checkups and strengthening cancer prevention for high-risk groups to achieve early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment.