Meningitis is an infectious disease of the central nervous system that is caused by an acute or chronic inflammatory disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms that invade the meninges of the central nervous system. These pathogenic organisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, rickettsiae, prions, etc., and can involve the dura mater, soft meninges, and arachnoid membranes. The early clinical manifestations of meningitis are variable and can lead to death or serious sequelae in severe cases, but most can be cured with early and aggressive treatment. Depending on the causative organisms, the common meningitis include viral meningitis, septic meningitis, tuberculous meningitis, and cryptococcal meningitis, and the clinical manifestations and ancillary tests vary depending on the causative factors. The main clinical manifestations of meningitis are fever, headache, vomiting, etc. On examination, there are positive signs of meningeal irritation such as cervical ankylosis, Kernig’s sign and Brudzinski’s sign, and laboratory tests show increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure, increased white blood cell count, and biochemical abnormalities. However, patients with meningitis have only meningeal damage and no restrictive neurological signs. Treatment of meningitis needs to be aggressive and early, including etiologic therapy, supportive therapy, and prevention of complications. After diagnosis, adequate and sensitive drugs should be selected for the causative organisms, while preventing and treating infectious shock and maintaining normal vital signs, so that early treatment will have a greater chance of cure.
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