I. Establishing a correct concept of surgical treatment It should be recognized that for a disease, surgery is a last resort for the patient and also for the physician. This is because for the patient, choosing surgery means suffering the pain and risk of surgery, and the latter (risk) is also true for the physician, which is where the limitations of surgery lie. On the other hand, the results of surgical treatment vary widely. How can surgical outcomes be improved and the pain associated with surgery be minimized? The authors have the following lessons from the valuable experience of their predecessors: 1. Emphasize the indications and timing of surgery. 2.With the minimum damage, the minimum scope of surgery (the definition aims to ensure the maximum therapeutic efficacy, for the tumor surgery emphasizes the tumor-free technology, including isolation technology, non-contact technology, etc.), and as reasonable as possible, to obtain the maximum safety and the maximum effect. Don’t take a chance in surgery, strive for the best healing time of patients, don’t do arbitrary disposal (such as anastomosis, etc.), retain the physiological structure of organs as much as possible, and implement necessary dispositions (such as cholecystostomy, intestinal fistula, abdominal drainage, etc.), in order to ensure the safety of the patients. 4. Emphasize the treatment of perioperative period, let the patients carry out the adaptive exercise before the operation, take good care of the patients in order to maintain their recovery, take good care of them during and after the operation. 5. Carefully take care of patients during and after surgery, carry out recovery exercises, and promote patients’ recovery. Reasonable clinical decision-making 1, the timing of surgery and the grasp of the surgical process What time to operate, to what extent, for a good surgeon, is very important. Deciding to perform surgery is important, but timely termination of surgery or changing the surgical method is also a very important issue. Both non-surgical and surgical treatments have their effective treatment windows. Usually the window for non-surgical treatment is earlier than for surgical treatment, and these two windows vary from disease to disease and from patient to patient. If the timing of surgical treatment is missed, the difficulty of treatment increases dramatically, as does the uncertainty of the outcome. When to perform non-surgical treatment and when to perform surgery relates to the initiative of surgical decision-making. For example, in acute intestinal obstruction, complete obstruction should be used as the decision point for surgical treatment, rather than intestinal strangulation. By defining a decision point for surgical treatment in advance and making decisions in dynamic observation, we can grasp a clear surgical timing, obtain satisfactory surgical conditions and exact surgical results. 2, the choice of surgical methods: for surgical emergencies, when to use non-surgical treatment, when to use surgical treatment, has been the focus of clinical work. Due to the increasing abundance of non-surgical treatment measures, surgical treatment is no longer a single choice of course. Non-surgical treatment can enable some patients to obtain direct cure (e.g., the treatment of peptic ulcer), and create surgical conditions and choose the timing of surgery for patients who need it. Should be in the right time as far as possible to choose a reasonable and appropriate surgical methods. 3, the choice of surgical path: surgery is a “double-edged sword”, in the treatment of disease at the same time, the body itself is also a kind of damage. In the treatment of disease at the same time as possible to retain the beauty of the body, the appearance of the integrity of the surgeon has always been the realm of the pursuit of the surgeon. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and surgery for benign tumors of the gastrointestinal tract have been recommended as “gold standard” procedures. Minimally invasive surgery is not a specialty per se, but represents a surgical way of thinking and philosophical ideology, which develops along with the development of modern medical technology, bioengineering, and computer and electronic technology. The surgical path should follow the principle of individualization. The choice of access route varies from person to person, and the incision site and size should fully consider the site and degree of the lesion, the ease of operation, the degree of incision damage, the patient’s own condition, and the condition after healing, etc. Under the premise of guaranteeing surgical operation, the surgery should be as small as possible to achieve small damage, easy to reach the lesion, good exposure, and be able to complete the surgical operation. In summary, when making surgical decisions, it is important to exclude the interference of misconceptions and misinformation as much as possible, to brainstorm, and not to be overconfident when making decisions. Verify or adjust early judgments and conclusions during dynamic clinical observations. Minimize the impact of observational limitations and discrepancies on surgical decision-making.