I. Hematuria Definition: refers to urine centrifuged sediment examined under the microscope, red blood cells > 3 Microscopic hematuria: those who need to be identified by microscope Naked eye hematuria: those whose urine is flesh-washing water-like or blood-colored Identification: red urine (hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, drug-induced red urine, etc.) Pseudohematuria (menstrual contaminated urine) Classification: glomerulogenic hematuria Various glomerulonephritis (hematuria throughout, painless hematuria, no clotting in urine) The hematuria can be seen as a tubular pattern of red blood cells, predominantly deformed red blood cells (>70%) and with other glomerular disease manifestations). Non-glomerular source hematuria Urinary tract infection, tuberculosis, stones, trauma and tumor. Urine triple cup test: to determine whether the whole process is hematuria. Initial hematuria suggests: anterior urethral lesions Terminal hematuria suggests: bladder triangle, posterior urethra, seminal vesicle, prostate lesions Total hematuria suggests: diseases of bladder, ureter and kidney II. Proteinuria Definition: Adult urine protein amount over 150mg/d and over 3.5g/d is called massive proteinuria. Physiologic proteinuria Physiologic proteinuria and functional proteinuria Pathologic proteinuria Glomerular proteinuria, tubular proteinuria, overflow proteinuria, secretory proteinuria, tissue proteinuria. C. Tubuluria Definition: A clear tubular pattern can be occasionally seen in the urine sediment of normal individuals. If a clear tubular pattern is easily seen (>1/low magnification view) or if other tubular patterns are seen, it is called tubuluria.