Understanding the etiology of sensorineural deafness in children is important to determine whether it can be treated and to prevent further damage. The causes of sensorineural deafness in children can be classified as hereditary or non-hereditary. Hereditary sensorineural deafness: Having a gene for deafness in both or one parent’s family can cause hearing problems in children, and women over the age of 35 have an increased chance of having a newborn with trisomy 21, which can be associated with hearing problems. Some genetic syndromes exhibit multiple malformations that can also involve the auditory organs. Non-Hereditary Sensorineural Deafness: Congenital sensorineural deafness is mainly caused during pregnancy and delivery. During pregnancy: Infection with rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, herpesvirus or syphilis spirochetes during the first trimester of pregnancy and resulting in in utero infection often results in irreversible sensorineural deafness in the fetus. In winter and spring, when viral infections are likely to occur and pregnant women may develop a rash and have only mild cold symptoms, serological tests for viral antibodies should be done. During delivery: Trauma caused by the use of forceps, etc., severe asphyxia due to obstructed labor, neonatal nuclear jaundice, mother-infant blood group Rh factor incompatibility or ABO hemolysis, premature low birth weight infants, viral or other non-bacterial infections during fetal life can cause hearing impairment. Acquired sensorineural deafness is a hearing loss caused by bacterial and viral infections, drug toxicity or trauma during the growth of the child. Children with rheumatoid encephalitis, meningitis, tuberculous encephalitis, mumps, measles, rubella, chicken pox, and herpes may cause a dramatic decrease in cochlear function. Misuse of aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin, kanamycin, and minomycin) is the main cause of severe sensorineural deafness in children in China. Many areas with poorer health care apply such antibiotics to treat fever and pneumonia in children, but cause hearing disability in children. Cranio-cerebral trauma may also cause damage to the inner ear structures.