Pediatric cerebral palsy, also known as cerebral palsy (CP), is a congenital or perinatal brain dysfunction syndrome in children, with a predominance of central movement disorders and postural abnormalities, such as abnormally high limb tone and spasticity or involuntary movements and ataxia, often accompanied by multiple disabilities such as mental retardation, epilepsy, speech disorders, and visual and hearing abnormalities. Internationally, the incidence of cerebral palsy is 1-5 per 1,000, and it is the most common disabling disease in children in recent times after the control of cremasteric poliomyelitis.
The direct causes of cerebral palsy are brain injury and brain developmental defects, and many causes can constitute high risk factors, such as injuries during pregnancy, perinatal period, and a short time after birth (1 month).
The diagnosis of pediatric cerebral palsy can be based on high-risk factors, neurological symptoms, postural and motor abnormalities, and abnormal muscle tone. The three diagnostic conditions formulated by our 1988 Pediatric Cerebral Palsy Conference are.
1. central palsy presenting during infancy
2, accompanied by mental retardation, convulsions, behavioral abnormalities, perceptual disturbances and other abnormalities
3. Except for central paresis due to progressive disease and transient developmental lag in normal children, in general, in clinical practice, the presence of the following conditions should be highly alarming for the possibility of cerebral palsy
1. In terms of medical history.
(1) Premature infants.
(2) Low birth weight.
(3) Severe hypoxia, convulsions, nuclear jaundice, and intracranial hemorrhage at birth or during the neonatal period.
2. Aspects of symptoms.
(1) mental retardation, emotional instability, and panic-prone.
(2) Delayed motor development.
(3) Typical manifestations of increased muscle tone and spasticity of the limbs and trunk.
Childhood autism, also known as childhood autism, is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by severe isolation, lack of emotional response, language developmental disorders, social interaction disorders, narrow interests, repetitive behavior, abnormal sensory perception, and peculiar reactions to the environment. The disorder develops in infancy and early childhood, and generally manifests itself before the age of 3. In a few children, symptoms become apparent at the age of 4-5 years, with more boys than girls and a male to female ratio of 2.6-5.7:1. According to statistics from Europe and the United States, there are about 2-13 cases per 10,000 children. At present, it is estimated that there are about 500,000 children with autism in China.
For children with autism, only early detection and early treatment can help them shorten the gap with normal society and integrate into society as soon as possible. How can we detect autistic tendencies in children at an early stage?
The following 18 behaviors are the early manifestations of autism. If you find that your child has the following 7 behaviors at the same time, you should suspect that he or she has autistic tendency.
1. Not responding to sounds.
2.Difficulty in intervening with peers
3.Refusal to accept change.
4.Aloofness to the environment.
5.Parroting the language.
6.Like to rotate objects.
7. inexplicable laughter.
8. resistance to normal learning methods.
9. strange ways of playing.
10. unbalanced motor development.
11. insensitivity to pain.
12. lack of eye contact.
13. special dependence on a particular object.
14. unexplained crying.
15. being particularly mobile or immobile.
16. refusal to hug.
17. lack of fear of real danger.
18. expresses needs through movement.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), commonly known as “childhood hyperactivity disorder”, is a behavioral abnormality that occurs in early childhood. It usually starts before the age of 6 and becomes more pronounced at school age. Surveys show that the prevalence of ADHD in Chinese children ranges from 1.3% to 13.4%, with wide variations across the country and more boys than girls. Seventy percent of these children have symptoms that persist through adolescence, and 30 percent have lifelong symptoms. The cause of ADHD has not yet been determined.
ADHD manifests itself in the following four main areas.
1. Inattentiveness.
(1) Inattentiveness and distractibility.
(2) Frequent careless mistakes.
(3) Failure to understand or listen to others.
(4) Inability to complete homework, daily chores, or work as directed.
(5) Is reluctant to do things that require concentration (e.g., homework or chores).
(6) Often forgets things.
2. Excessive activity.
(1) moving hands and feet constantly, or twisting around in the seat; (poor classroom discipline, often affecting other students)
(2) Running around or climbing up and down at inappropriate times and occasions.
(3) Often unable to play or move around quietly
(4) often moves around constantly, as if a machine is driving him.
(5) often talk a lot.
3.Poor impulse control.
(1) Poor patience and inability to wait.
(2) often interrupts or interferes with others.
(3) Can’t tolerate frustration, intense mood swings and impulsive behavior.
4. Learning difficulties: Most children with ADHD have normal or near-normal intelligence, but attention deficits can lead to poor academic performance.
Mental retardation (MR), also known as “mental retardation”, is a group of developmental disorders caused by biological, psychological and social factors and characterized by significantly lower than normal intellectual development and deficiencies in the ability to adapt to life. The main clinical symptoms are mental retardation and social adaptability deficits. According to the national survey in 1990, the prevalence rate in China is about 1.3%.
The etiology of mental retardation is complex and involves a wide range of biological, psychological and social factors, and the causative factors of MR are divided into two categories: genetic factors and environmental factors. Environmental factors include infection, poisoning, trauma, nutrition, metabolism, socioeconomic and cultural factors, customs, personal preferences, and the natural environment.
The latest DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for mental retardation are.
1. Significantly lower intelligence than the general level, with an IQ below 70 (in the case of infants, only clinical judgments are made, without IQ determination).
2. Deficits or impairments in current adaptive functioning (the sick child does not meet the level expected of a child of the same age from his or her cultural background), with deficits in at least two of the following manifestations: verbal communication, self-care, family life, social or interpersonal skills, application of community facilities, mastery of self-direction, learning and skills, work, leisure time pastimes, health, hygiene and safety.
3. The onset of the disease is before the age of 18.
Tourette’s syndrome, also known as Gilles de la Tourtte syndrome, typically presents with multiple tics and vocal spasms. The first signs are motor spasms often involving the face, showing forceful inhalation, blinking, frowning and pouting, etc., but also shaking the head, tilting the neck, lifting the shoulders, twisting, throwing, kicking, etc.; vocal spasms are laryngeal muscle spasms emitting monotonous such as laryngeal chirping, barking-like strange sounds, but also sounds like grunting, shushing, throat clearing, coughing, etc., sometimes speaking vulgar and obscene language (obscene speech syndrome), imitating others’ language and actions (imitating language, imitating actions) and repeating words. Imitation of actions) and repetition of words or phrases (repetitive language). About half of the children are involved in self-injurious behavior or have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The disease has a remitting relapse. Symptoms usually appear between 2 and 21 years of age, and are more common in boys. The etiology and pathogenesis of the disease are unknown.
Diagnostic criteria of DSM-III.
1, age of onset 2-21 years.
2, recurrent involuntary rapid repetitive purposeless movements involving multiple muscle groups.
3, multiple articulatory tics.
4. may be controlled by the will for minutes to hours.
5. symptoms may fluctuate over weeks or months.
6. The duration of the disease lasts at least one year.