I. Drug treatment Schizophrenia drug treatment should be systematic and standardized, emphasizing early, adequate amount and full course of “full course of treatment”. Once the diagnosis is clear, medication should be started early. The medication should reach the therapeutic dose, and generally the acute phase of treatment is 2 months. Some patients, family members and even doctors are overly worried about the adverse drug reactions often take low doses of drugs, the symptoms are not controlled for a long time, and the desired therapeutic effect is not achieved. Treatment should start from low dose, gradually increase the dose, pay close attention to adverse reactions at high dose, outpatient dose is usually lower than inpatient dose, and generally can not suddenly stop the drug. The consolidation period should be treated for 4-6 months at the same dose as the acute treatment. The maintenance dose should be individualized and should be approximately 1/3 – 2/3 of the acute dose. The maintenance dose of second-generation antipsychotics is generally the same as the acute dose, and may be reduced if the acute dose is higher. Maintenance therapy has a positive effect on reducing relapse or rehospitalization. Maintenance therapy should be given for 1-2 years for the first episode, and longer for the second or multiple relapses, or even for life. Smaller treatment doses and maintenance doses are appropriate for elderly and pediatric patients. The U.S. Schizophrenia Outcome Study Group concluded that maintenance doses of classical antipsychotics should not be less than 300 mg/d (converted to chlorpromazine), otherwise the effectiveness of relapse prevention is reduced. Maintenance doses of non-classical antipsychotics are appropriately reduced compared to acute phase treatment, but there is a lack of well-established models as to the extent of this reduction. Regardless of the acute phase or the consolidation or maintenance treatment, in principle, a single drug is used, and drugs with similar mechanisms of action should not be combined in principle. For patients with depressive mood, manic state and sleep disorder, antidepressants, mood stabilizers and sedative-hypnotics can be used as appropriate, and benzhexol hydrochloride (Antan) can be used in combination with extrapyramidal reactions. Second, electroconvulsive therapy Electroconvulsive therapy ECT is an effective treatment method for excitement and agitation in schizophrenia, especially the appearance of impulsive injury, xylophobia or subxylophobia, refusal to eat, running away, and more severe depressive mood during or after the course of schizophrenia disease is suitable for receiving electroconvulsive therapy. In addition, some scholars have observed that combining electroconvulsive therapy with pharmacotherapy can shorten the treatment time for patients with positive symptoms and reduce the length of hospitalization, which is beneficial for patients to be discharged and recovered as soon as possible. Therefore, in addition to the cases listed above, electroconvulsive therapy can also be combined with electroconvulsive therapy for general patients in cases where positive symptoms are particularly abundant, there are no contraindications to electroconvulsive therapy, and the patient is willing to undergo electroconvulsive therapy at the same time. The duration of electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia is reported abroad to be 10-40 sessions per day, generally once per day, or twice per day for patients with special conditions. In China, a course of electroconvulsive therapy is 12 sessions, which can be performed continuously once a day at the beginning and twice a week thereafter until the completion of 12 sessions. For patients with particularly prominent negative symptoms and a particularly pronounced decrease in volition, the number of electroconvulsive therapy sessions can be increased to 20-30. There are three outcomes of schizophrenia: 1) complete remission after treatment; 2) partial control of symptoms after treatment, with some residual symptoms and partial impairment of social function; 3) deterioration of the disease, with patients going into decline and mental disability. According to the observation of foreign scholars, each of the above three outcomes accounts for 1/3 of the total number of patients. Since the etiology of schizophrenia is still unclear, prevention of schizophrenia should mainly focus on early detection and early treatment, while attention should be paid to relapse prevention and strengthening rehabilitation efforts to maintain patients’ social functions as much as possible and prevent patients from developing mental decline. According to various observations, the prognosis of schizophrenia patients may be related to the following factors: 1. The prognosis of patients with acute onset is significantly better than that of those with slow onset; 2. The prognosis of those with short duration is better than that of patients with longer duration; 3. The prognosis of those with first onset is better than that of those with recurrent onset; 4. The younger the age of onset, the worse the prognosis, so the prognosis for schizophrenia in old age is better; 7. In terms of social factors, those who have a good work record and maintain good social relationships have a better prognosis than those who do not have a regular job and do not have good social relationships.