Individualized medicine and patient-centered decision making have long been considered the primary treatment philosophy of today’s clinicians.For almost the first half of the 20th century, mastectomy was the standard of care in the United States. With the advancement of civilization and modern technology, there is an urgent need for a safe and effective alternative to mastectomy for breast cancer patients. For women with focal lesions, local control and survival benefits comparable to mastectomy can be achieved with breast-conserving therapy (BCT). Today, BCT has achieved excellent results, with solid scientific data and patient support. experts on the 1990 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Panel concluded that for patients with early-stage breast cancer, BCT is the preferred approach among the major surgical therapies. Of course, this was preceded by well-established results from six clinical trials that compared BCT with mastectomy.Between 1989 and 1995, the percentage of women with stage I breast cancer who underwent BCT increased from 35% to 60%, and the percentage of stage II patients increased from 19% to 29%. BCT provides better preservation of body shape and short-term body function than mastectomy.BCT also preserves breast sensation, and the nipple remains erect, which is not possible with even the most delicate reconstruction.The results of BCT in women with stage I breast cancer have been shown to be better than those of mastectomy.The results of BCT in women with stage II breast cancer have been shown to be better than those of mastectomy. Local recurrence after BCT has always been a concern for patients and physicians alike. Over time, improvements in preoperative breast imaging, pathologic evaluation of breast lumpectomy specimens, and routine systemic adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy bailout techniques have led to a significant reduction in local recurrence after BCT, and the recurrence rate is now almost similar to that of mastectomy. A series of clinical studies conducted at the Breast Disease Center of Shandong Cancer Hospital since 1985 showed a very low local recurrence rate of less than 2% at 5 years after BCT, and a series of NSABP trials showed a local recurrence rate of less than 8% at 10 years. The authors are still inclined to strive for breast-conserving opportunities for patients with breast-conserving indications, but must ensure that the doctor who carries out this work to ensure that the unit must strive to have adequate radiotherapy equipment and work team with good cooperation and sufficient experience in treatment, such as the skillful implementation of the work of conformal intensity adjustment. It is important to ensure that the surgery is thorough and that the cosmetic effect is taken into account. Nowadays, there are more and more means of treating breast cancer patients, ranging from BCT or mastectomy, type of breast reconstruction, type and duration of radiotherapy to systemic adjuvant therapy. We breast specialists need to consider: 1. Long-term survival; 2. Likelihood of local recurrence and outcome; 3. Psychological adjustment. The final decision of whether or not to conserve breast should fully respect the patient’s wishes. Breast-conserving treatment, which emphasizes on quality of life and takes into account the therapeutic effect, is the development trend of breast surgery. It is believed that with the improvement of breast-conserving surgical techniques, the development of postoperative radiotherapy techniques, the supplementation and integration of multiple disciplines, and the continuous correction of the defects of breast-conserving surgery itself, breast-conserving surgery will become the most dominant and popular surgical modality in the field of surgical treatment of breast cancer in China, and at the same time be widely recognized by the majority of patients.