Small mandibular deformity syndrome, also known as Pierre-Robin syndrome, etc., refers to a syndrome characterized by congenital small jaw deformity, cleft palate, tongue drop, and inspiratory respiratory obstruction in neonatal infancy. The cause of the disease has not been clearly defined, and its clinical manifestations may include a bird-like face with a small mandible, tongue retroversion, cleft palate, and after birth, patients may also manifest respiratory distress, hypoxemia, and growth failure; treatment should strengthen the patient’s nutrition and care, and tracheal intubation when the patient develops severe respiratory distress, and surgical tongue suspension and mandibular prosthetics may be feasible for treatment. The disease has a poor prognosis, which can lead to life-threatening asphyxia, malnutrition, and congenital cardiovascular disease in children, and patients should undergo preventive maternity testing before pregnancy.