What does hepatic turbidities mean?

Hepatic turbid tone boundary is one of the abdominal physical examination items, which is mainly used to determine the size of the liver, and helps in the differential diagnosis of various abdominal diseases and lung diseases. Physical examination of the abdomen mainly includes four items of vision, touch, percussion and hearing, while the liver turbid tone boundary is one of the important items of percussion, including the upper and lower boundaries of the liver, which can be determined by percussion to determine whether the size of the liver is abnormal or not. When percussion, generally along the right mid-clavicular line, right mid-axillary line and right scapular line, from the lungs gradually downward to the abdomen, when the percussion sound changes from a clear sound to a turbid sound, it is defined as the upper liver boundary; from the abdominal drumming area along the right mid-clavicular line gradually upward to percussion, when the percussion sound changes from a drum sound to a turbid sound, that is, the lower liver boundary. The size of the hepatic turbidity boundary can be used for differential diagnosis of various diseases, for example, the increase of the hepatic turbidity boundary can be seen in hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic stasis, etc.; the decrease of the hepatic turbidity boundary can be seen in cirrhosis, gastrointestinal flatulence, etc.; and the shift of the hepatic upper boundary can be seen in the right side of the lung atelectasis, right side of the interstitial fibrosis of the lungs, etc..