A surgery is needed before dialysis. Patients with chronic renal failure and uremia need renal replacement therapy, mainly hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation. Hemodialysis requires a vascular access through which the patient’s blood enters the extracorporeal circulation, and then dialysis is performed to remove toxins through dialyzers and blood pumps. There are temporary and permanent vascular accesses that require surgery, which include internal jugular vein cannulation, subclavian vein cannulation, femoral vein cannulation, and autologous arteriovenous endovascular fistuloplasty. Surgery is also required for peritoneal dialysis, which requires peritoneal dialysis cannulation prior to peritoneal dialysis, and when successful, the peritoneal dialysis fluid is injected into the peritoneal cavity through the peritoneal dialysis tubing, which utilizes the peritoneum as a semi-permeable membrane for the dialysis treatment.