The “butterfly” shadow is a butterfly-shaped shadow with thickened texture in both lungs and centered on the hilum on X-ray chest radiograph; CT shows a chain-like high-density shadow in the upper lobe of both lungs and slightly thickened texture in the rest of the lungs, while the rest of the CT shows all end qualitative changes. It is the clinical manifestation of pulmonary malaria disease. Pulmonary malaria disease refers to the damage to the lung caused by Plasmodium vivax. After the body is infected by Plasmodium, there may or may not be typical systemic symptoms of malaria and obvious respiratory symptoms, such as cough, sputum, shortness of breath, wheezing or chest pain. The clinical manifestations include malarial asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Pulmonary malaria is the pulmonary manifestation of systemic damage by Plasmodium. Its incubation period is comparable to the onset of malaria infection, ranging from 10 to 20 days for Plasmodium interval and Plasmodium ovale, 70 to 80 days for Plasmodium trisomy 21, and 10 to 14 days for Plasmodium falciparum. What are the symptoms that are easily confused with them? 1.Sepsis is a systemic infection caused by the invasion of pathogenic bacteria into the bloodstream and their growth and reproduction in the bloodstream to produce toxins. The main clinical manifestations are chills, high fever, toxemia symptoms, skin rash, arthralgia, hepatosplenomegaly, infectious shock, migratory lesions, etc. It is divided into Gram-positive coccus sepsis, Gram-negative bacillus sepsis and septic sepsis. The vast majority of cases have an acute course, are severe and have a poor prognosis. Today, sepsis is further considered to be a chain reaction process caused by the entry of pathogenic bacteria, their toxins and metabolites into the bloodstream and the activation and release of inflammatory mediators. This process, in clinical terms, can lead to dysfunction and failure of multiple organs throughout the body. That is, not only the state of the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the organism is seen, but also the immune response of the organism and its consequences are valued. The known mediators of inflammation are complement components, arachidonic acid metabolites, tumor factors (TNF), interleukins (IL-s), interferons (IF-a), platelet-activating factor (PAF), pre-macrophage inflammatory cytokines (MPIC), proteases, coagulation oxidants and oxygen free radicals. Antibiotic therapy is the mainstay, supplemented by other treatments. Preventive measures are to avoid damage to the skin mucosa and to prevent bacterial infection. 2. Encephalitis Encephalitis, an encephalopathy with widespread inflammation. There are many etiologies, which can be caused by viruses, bacteria, mycobacteria, spirochetes, rickettsiae, parasites and other infections, and some may be metaplastic diseases, such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Usually the so-called encephalitis refers mostly to viral encephalitis and post-infectious encephalomyelitis belonging to acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Tuberculosis, commonly known as “consumption”, is a highly contagious chronic wasting disease caused by the invasion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into the human body. It is not affected by age, gender, race, occupation or region, and many organs and systems in the body can suffer from TB, of which pulmonary TB is the most common. More than 90% of TB infection is transmitted through the respiratory tract. TB patients are infected by coughing, sneezing, or making loud noises, causing droplets with TB bacilli to be sprayed out of the body and inhaled by healthy people. The typical manifestations are: cough, sputum, hemoptysis, chest pain, and difficulty in breathing. It is a chronic infectious disease with a long history of harming human health and has spread worldwide, causing millions of deaths. China is now one of the 22 countries with a high burden of tuberculosis worldwide, with the second highest number of tuberculosis cases in the world, second only to India. There are currently an estimated 2 million existing infectious TB patients in China. 4, tracheitis Tracheitis (chronicbronchitis) is an inflammatory change in the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi caused by infectious or non-infectious factors, with increased mucus secretion, clinically characterized by prolonged coughing, sputum production or with wheezing. The early symptoms of the disease are mild, mostly occurring in winter and remitting after spring, and the disease is slow in course, so it is not noticed. In the late stage, when the disease progresses and is complicated by obstructive emphysema, the lung function is damaged, affecting health and labor force greatly. This disease is one of the common diseases in China, the age of onset is more than 40 years old, smoking patients are significantly higher than non-smoking patients, the prevalence rate in China is higher in the north than in the south, and the prevalence rate is slightly higher in rural than in urban areas.