Diabetes mellitus is a group of endocrine metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to defective insulin secretion and/or reduced its biological effect (insulin resistance), which can lead to long-term damage, insufficiency and failure of many tissues, especially the eye, kidney nerves and cardiovascular. The immediate goal of diabetes treatment is to eliminate diabetic symptoms and prevent acute metabolic complications by controlling hyperglycemia and related metabolic disorders, and the long-term goal is to prevent chronic complications, improve the quality of life and prolong the life span of diabetic patients through good metabolic control. Self-management of diabetic patients is the key to the success of diabetes control. On the premise of improving poor lifestyle, cardiovascular risk factors such as blood glucose, blood pressure, blood lipids and other related indicators are monitored to understand whether the targets are met and whether there are complications, and to adjust the treatment plan in conjunction with the control targets. Diabetes self-monitoring indicators I. General items 1, weight, waist circumference detection Body mass index = weight in kilograms (kg) / height squared (m2), the Chinese simple obesity diagnostic criteria (body mass index): normal weight 18.5-23.9; overweight 24-27.9; obese 28 -29.9; severely obese 30 or more. Central obesity is defined as waist circumference greater than 85 cm for women and greater than 90 cm for men. If the body mass index is normal and the waist circumference is over the standard, it also belongs to obesity. 2, hypertensive patients should measure blood pressure at each visit, and daily self-monitoring blood pressure at home and record. 2. Metabolic control index examination 1. Blood glucose monitoring Self-monitoring of blood glucose is used to understand the control level and fluctuation of blood glucose, which is an important measure to adjust blood glucose to the standard and an important means to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. The capillary blood glucose test by portable blood glucose meter is the most commonly used method. Self-glucose monitoring time points: (1) Pre-meal, post-meal, bedtime and early morning blood glucose monitoring. (2) It is advisable to monitor blood glucose when hypoglycemia is suspected and before and after strenuous exercise. (1) Those who are hospitalized due to very poor blood sugar control or critical condition should monitor blood sugar four to seven times a day or according to treatment needs until blood sugar is controlled. (2) Patients with stable conditions can monitor blood glucose according to their needs to understand the effects of diet control, exercise and drugs on blood glucose and make corresponding adjustments. 3.Dynamic blood glucose monitoring If the traditional measurement of venous blood and blood glucose meter is compared to “taking pictures” of blood glucose, the dynamic blood glucose monitoring is the “camera” of blood glucose, which can dynamically record the changes of blood glucose throughout the day, measure blood glucose every 5 minutes, and get 288 blood glucose values every day, for 72 consecutive days. It can get 288 blood glucose values every 5 minutes, and record the blood glucose level and fluctuation for 72 hours, and reflect the influence of medication, meal and daily life on blood glucose, so as to make precise adjustment to the treatment plan and lifestyle. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) Glycosylated hemoglobin can accurately reflect the average level of blood glucose control in the past 2 to 3 months, and is the internationally recognized “gold standard” for diabetes monitoring, with a normal range of 4% to 6%. 5.Assessment of pancreatic islet function and determination of pancreatic islet antibodies To assess pancreatic islet function, fasting and 2 hours postprandial insulin and C-peptide should be checked, and if necessary, insulin or C-peptide release test should be done, and pancreatic islet antibodies should be determined if diabetes is involved in typing. 6. Monitoring of lipids and uric acid Patients with diabetes should have their blood lipids (including total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C, triglycerides, etc.) checked at least once a year, and those who use lipid-regulating drugs should also have their efficacy and side effects evaluated regularly after using the drugs.