Minimally invasive endoluminal treatment of urinary stones Urolithiasis is a common and frequent disease in urology, including kidney stones, ureteral stones, bladder stones and urethral stones. There are more males than females, about 3:1. Depending on the location, urinary stones often cause symptoms such as hematuria, vague pain or even colic in the lower back and abdomen, frequent urination, urinary urgency, painful urination, and interruption of urination, etc. If the treatment is delayed or not properly done, the patient will be treated with a minimally invasive treatment. If treatment is delayed or improperly handled, it will not only seriously affect the patient’s quality of life, but also cause infections, renal decompensation, until the emergence of uremia and life-threatening. For urinary tract stones, if the stones are small, they can be discharged by medication. However, stones larger than 8 millimeters are difficult to be discharged through the ureter. In the past, when medication failed to cure the problem, the stone was usually removed through surgery. Because of the complexity of the causes of urinary stones, 80% of the stones and recurrence of the current level of medical science can not be prevented. With the emergence of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy and transurethral ureteroscopy technology in the treatment of stones, the treatment of urinary tract stones in recent years has undergone a great change in the past, completely changing the traditional mode of treatment for urinary tract stones open surgery. Because this surgery has a small damage to the organism, fast recovery, greatly reducing hospitalization time, non-invasive and low invasive treatment method of the characteristics of the low damage to the organism of the treatment method, can be repeatedly operated on, to improve the quality of life of patients play an extremely important role. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, which is now widely used in the treatment of urinary stones, has become familiar to everyone. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy can be the treatment of choice for some kidney stones, upper ureteral stones and small bladder stones. However, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy also has its limitations. For complex kidney stones and cast stones, repeated extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy can lead to impaired renal function and prolonged treatment time. For ureteral stones, urethral stones, lithotripsy is ineffective or even after lithotripsy, the treatment effect is affected by poor drainage. For some hard or elastic stones, the effect of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is poor. In the past, the only option was to remove the stone by incision. However, the advancement of intracavitary technology has given patients more choices. All cases that are difficult to treat with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy can be cured with the application of endoluminal technology. Intraluminal techniques for the treatment of urinary stones include transurethral ureteroscopic lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy: transurethral lithotripsy is the placement of a ureterorenoscope through the urethra into the area where the stone is located, and the use of lithotripsy devices or lithotripsy instruments to break up the urinary stone and then remove it. Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy involves creating a renal fistula channel through the skin of the lower back to the kidneys, through which pelvic stones, calyceal stones, and upper ureteral stones are removed. Intracavernous lithotripsy modalities include: ultrasonic lithotripsy, electrohydraulic lithotripsy, laser lithotripsy and pneumatic ballistic lithotripsy, among which pneumatic ballistic lithotripsy machine has high lithotripsy efficiency. Pneumatic ballistic lithotripter has high lithotripsy efficiency. It has no thermal effect and does not produce thermal damage, which makes it an ideal intracavitary lithotripsy instrument developed in recent years. Compared with the open surgery, because the intracavitary lithotripsy stone removal is to use the anatomical characteristics of the human urinary system and the outside world or the use of artificially created tiny channels for surgery, the impact on the body is extremely small, and some can even be completed in the outpatient surgery. In addition, this treatment method also has many advantages, such as no effect on kidney function, no lengthy lithotripsy process, immediate effect of treatment, and simultaneous treatment for cases with combined intracavitary lesions.