Pericardial diseases include pericarditis (septic and constrictive), pericardial cysts, and pericardial tumors. The most common is pericarditis, which is an acute inflammatory reaction and exudate of the pericardium due to bacterial, viral, autoimmune, physical or chemical factors, as well as chronic lesions such as pericardial adhesions, thickening, constriction, and calcification. The clinical manifestations are acute pericarditis and chronic constrictive pericarditis. The clinical symptoms of acute pericarditis can be caused by a variety of pathogenic factors, often as part of a systemic disorder, or by the spread of inflammation in adjacent tissues. There can be symptoms such as precordial pain, pressure, fever, cough, and dyspnea. 2. Diagnosis of acute pericarditis Physical examination reveals increased heart rate, enlarged heart borders, jugular vein anger, distant heart sounds, small pulse pressure difference, hepatomegaly, ascites, and swelling of the lower extremities. Early in acute pericarditis, a pericardial fricative sound can be heard in the apical region. This is caused by friction after the dirty layer of the pericardium and the wall layer become rough. A chest radiograph shows a flask-shaped image of the heart and an enlarged heart shadow. Electrocardiogram shows low voltage with sinus tachycardia, etc. Echocardiography can detect pericardial effusion, and signs of cardiac compression. 3, treatment of acute pericarditis When the inflammation invades into the dirty layer of the pericardium, it can cause inflammatory changes in the myocardium, with fibrinous plasma exuding from the pericardial cavity and fibrin deposition on the surface of the plasma membrane, which then causes suppuration. When the leakage in the pericardial cavity increases rapidly and the intrapericardial tension increases significantly, there may be clinical signs of pericardial tamponade. If the disease is treated effectively at an early stage, the inflammation subsides; conversely, the course of the disease is prolonged, fibrin deposits in the pericardial cavity, granulation tissue formation and mechanization, and fibrous scar tissue bind the heart, leading to constrictive pericarditis. The treatment of acute septic pericarditis should be based on drainage of pericardial fluid and relief of pericardial filling, as well as selection of effective antibiotics to control infection, and administration of blood transfusion, plasma, high protein diet and high vitamin diet, and correction of water and electrolyte balance disorders. Chronic constrictive pericarditis 1, clinical symptoms Mostly secondary to acute pericarditis, mainly tuberculous pericarditis or purulent pericarditis in the acute phase failed to get good treatment. Due to the formation of thick scar tissue, the pericardium is significantly thickened, which mainly prevents the diastolic function of the heart and affects the amount of blood returned to the heart, resulting in ascites, hepatomegaly, and respiratory distress. 2. Diagnosis History of acute pericarditis such as fever and chest pain. Physical examination reveals ascites, hepatomegaly, jugular vein anger, small pulse pressure difference, and distant heart sounds. Electrocardiogram showed low voltage and abnormal Q waves. Echocardiogram shows significant restriction of diastolic function of the heart, thickening of the pericardium and calcification, which can confirm the diagnosis. Otherwise, the myocardium is prone to atrophy or disuse due to long-term compression, resulting in loss of contractile function of the myocardium, and even if the constricted pericardium is lifted surgically, the cardiac function will not improve or even deteriorate, and the prognosis is not good.