Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is caused by a defect in insulin secretion or impairment of its biological action, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetes can lead to chronic damage, dysfunction of various tissues, especially to the eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels and nerves. What are the complications of diabetes mellitus? 1, diabetic nephropathy This type of complication is one of the most important diabetic complications for diabetic patients. The incidence in China is also on the rise and has now become the second cause of end-stage renal disease, second only to various glomerulonephritis. Because of its complex metabolic disorders, once end-stage renal disease develops, it is often more difficult to treat than other kidney diseases. However, active and appropriate interventions can significantly reduce and delay the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy, especially in the early stages of the disease interventions are very effective. 2, diabetic foot The foot is a complex target organ of diabetes, a multi-system disease. In diabetic patients, the combination of peripheral neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease with excessive mechanical stress may cause destruction and deformity formation in the soft tissues and osteoarticular system of the foot, which in turn leads to a range of foot problems, from mild neurological symptoms to severe ulcers, infections, vascular disease, neuroarthropathy and neuropathic fractures. In fact, similar pathological changes can also occur in the upper extremities, face and trunk, although the incidence of diabetic foot is significantly higher than in other areas. 3. Diabetic cardiovascular complications These complications include microangiopathy, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac autonomic neuropathy on the heart and large blood vessels, and are the leading cause of death in patients with diabetes. Coronary heart disease is also a major macrovascular complication of diabetes, and studies have shown that the risk of death from coronary heart disease in diabetic patients is three to five times higher than in the non-diabetic population. The pathological mechanism is atherosclerosis, high blood sugar, high systolic blood pressure, high cholesterol, increased LDL, decreased HDL, age, gender, smoking, family history are risk factors for its development. 4, diabetic cerebrovascular disease This type of complication refers to the intracranial macrovascular and microangiopathy caused by diabetes, according to statistics, 20% to 40% of patients with type 2 diabetes will occur cerebrovascular lesions, the main manifestations of cerebral atherosclerosis, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral atrophy, etc., is also one of the main causes of death in patients with diabetes. The most common type of diabetic neuropathy is chronic distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy, also known as diabetic peripheral neuropathy, the incidence is very high, and some patients already have peripheral neuropathy when they are newly diagnosed with diabetes. Prevention and control of the development of these complications is also a priority. How to prevent diabetic complications? 1. Learn more: Learn more about the basics of diabetes and how to prevent and treat it. Eat less: reduce calorie intake, stop smoking and limit alcohol, eat a balanced diet, low salt, low fat, high fiber, adequate vitamins, and correct high blood lipids. 3, move more: increase physical activity to avoid obesity and reduce insulin resistance. 4, keep warm: cold stimulation is likely to cause respiratory infections and serious complications such as cerebral hemorrhage and myocardial infarction, so we should pay attention to cold and warmth. 5, relax: keep a normal mind and combine work and rest. 6, always check: including self-examination, physical examination, mainly for fundus, heart, kidney and nervous system, foot examination, and strive to achieve early detection and treatment of diabetes complications.