The importance of community intervention in the treatment of diabetic foot disease

  Diabetic foot and its ulcers are one of the common chronic comorbidities of diabetes mellitus and are the main cause of amputation and disability in diabetic patients. The following characteristics can be found from the medical history of severe diabetic foot ulcers (ulcers graded as grade III, IV and V) admitted to our department in the past year: 78% of patients had a history of diabetes for more than 10 years; 82% of patients had unsatisfactory glycemic control and glycosylated hemoglobin greater than 8% at the time of admission; 67% of patients had obvious lower limb ischemic symptoms for more than 1 year; 85% of patients had foot rupture before admission; only 11% of patients had been diagnosed with diabetic foot and treated correctly in primary and secondary hospitals. Only 11% of patients were ever diagnosed with a diabetic foot and treated correctly in a primary or secondary hospital.  Diabetic podiatry studies have generally concluded that diabetic podiatry is mainly characterized by local neurological abnormalities and peripheral vascular disease in the distal lower extremities, with insidious onset until the patient is diagnosed with cold, numbness, pain or even gangrene of the foot. However, at this time the disease is mostly advanced and the gangrene is uncontrollable and leads to amputation. We often find that even community physicians know little about diabetic foot and have many misunderstandings during medical history taking: first, they do not understand that diabetic foot and ulcers are arterial ischemic ulcers and often confuse diabetic foot, thrombo-occlusive vasculitis and venous ulcers of the lower limbs, and cannot distinguish between arterial and venous diseases; second, they cannot perform basic examination and evaluation of diabetic foot patients (primary hospitals lack vascular Ultrasound, CT angiography and other specialized vascular examination equipment and personnel); there is also no experience in applying and adjusting anticoagulation and expectorant drug therapy by relying on laboratory tests such as clotting time, D-dimer, platelet damage, etc.; furthermore, surgical treatment of ulcers can only be carried out by simple disinfection, drug exchange and wound expansion, which is sometimes counterproductive and aggravates gangrene.  On the other hand, because diabetic foot is a chronic ischemic disease, short-term treatment in tertiary hospitals for patients with severe gangrene can only achieve the effect of relieving ischemia and improving the ulcer, and to achieve the goal of complete healing of the ulcer, patients still need to continue long-term treatment in community hospitals, so if the community hospital does not have sufficient treatment experience, there is still the possibility of re-aggravation of the disease.  In summary, we can see that community intervention has an important role in the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of diabetic foot, a vascular disease that poses a serious threat to public health and quality of life. Community physicians should have the common sense that “prolonged diabetes must be accompanied by vascular lesions” and should be alert to diabetic peripheral vascular lesions in the lower extremities, and treatment should not be limited to blood glucose control, but should include regular screening of vascular lesions and basic drug therapy as a mandatory task. At the same time, primary hospitals should also be equipped with vascular ultrasound and multi-functional Doppler examination equipment, and have professional examiners to help with treatment. Tertiary and specialty hospitals with rich treatment experience should establish close contact with community hospitals, improve the two-way referral system, and regularly provide training and experience exchange to community physicians, and even directly guide treatment. Thus, the establishment of a comprehensive community intervention system for screening, monitoring, treatment and rehabilitation of diabetic foot disease will greatly reduce the severity of diabetic foot ulcers, reduce the disability rate and improve the quality of life of patients.