Hypertensive nephropathy, or hypertensive kidney damage or hypertensive nephrosclerosis, is a small arterial nephrosclerosis induced by hypertension and is the 2nd cause of end-stage renal disease, accounting for about 25% of cases. Common clinical manifestations include increased nocturia, proteinuria, hematuria, edema and other symptoms. 1, long-term uncontrolled benign hypertension can cause benign small arterial nephrosclerosis. Hypertension persists for 5~10 years, and the pathological changes of benign small arterial nephrosclerosis appear first, and the clinical manifestations appear later. The renal tubules are sensitive to ischemia, so the clinical manifestations of renal tubular concentration dysfunction, such as nocturia, low specific gravity and low osmolality urine, appear first. When ischemic renal tubular lesions occur, mild abnormalities in routine urinalysis (mild proteinuria, small amount of red blood cells and tubular pattern) and progressive impairment of glomerular function (decrease in creatinine clearance and increase in serum creatinine) occur, and gradually progress to end-stage renal disease. Along with renal damage, it is often accompanied by hypertensive fundus lesions and cardiac and cerebral complications. 2, malignant small arterial nephrosclerosis is renal damage caused by malignant hypertension. Patients have obvious abnormalities in urinalysis, with visual or microscopic hematuria, massive proteinuria, tubular urine and aseptic leukocyturia, progressive deterioration of renal function, and often oliguria a few weeks to months after the onset of the disease, entering end-stage renal disease. Funduscopic examination reveals optic disc edema. The disease is accompanied by manifestations of central nervous system damage (e.g., headache, convulsive seizures and even coma) and cardiac lesions (e.g., congestive heart failure), and even microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Prevention of this disease is important, and active treatment of hypertension is the key. Blood pressure must be controlled to the standard in order to prevent hypertensive kidney damage from occurring.