Surgical treatment is mainly applicable to the following six cases ① When conservative treatment fails, surgery should be considered. ② The most suitable patients for surgery are those with unilateral leg pain or pain mainly concentrated on one side, whose pain radiates below the knee joint, whose symptoms last for more than 6 weeks and are relieved by rest, anti-inflammatory treatment or epidural hormone therapy, but whose symptoms recur to the initial severity after at least 6-8 weeks of conservative treatment. (iii) Emergency surgery is necessary when cauda equina syndrome with obvious neurological impairment occurs, especially when there is dysfunction of large and small bowel movements. Yuan Haifeng, Department of Spine and Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University ④ Those with intermittent claudication, mostly with spinal stenosis at the same time, non-surgical treatments are generally not effective, and should be operated as early as possible. ⑤ Combined with lumbar isthmus fracture and lumbar spondylolisthesis or lumbar spine instability, the protruding disc tissue should be surgically removed, and lumbar spine fusion should be performed at the same time. (6) Surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation is mainly aimed at relieving the symptoms of low back and leg pain, and the main pain may not be eliminated after surgery in patients whose main manifestation is low back pain, and this group of patients should be carefully selected.