Analysis of abnormal findings on physical examination of the urinary tract

Calcification:Any solid calcium salt deposits in tissues other than bone and teeth are collectively called pathologic calcification. Mostly calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate and a small amount of iron and magnesium and other substances deposited in necrotic or necrotic tissue or foreign body formation, is a common way of disease regression, with a wide range of tissues, diversity, different diseases, different courses of disease, different parts of the clinical significance of different. Both can suggest that the disease is cured, such as tuberculosis foci calcification; can also reflect the degree of lesions, such as old age aortic valve calcification, atherosclerosis plaque calcification; is the basis for differential diagnosis of diseases, such as malignant tumors are often accompanied by calcification. Calcification of the prostate for ultrasound common physical examination conclusions, its characteristics, ① number is not certain: single or multiple; ② shape is different: point, speckled, plaque-like, rounded, stripes or semi-arc, or clusters, clusters; ③ size varies: mostly in the 4-7.5mm; ④ site is not certain: all lobes of the prostate can be seen; ⑤ etiology is not known: it is generally believed that with the decline in the level of androgens, The cause is unknown: it is generally believed to be related to the decline in androgen levels, degenerative changes in prostate tissue, chronic prostatitis, prostatic fluid retention, prostatic duct stenosis, urine reflux, calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorders, and social and psychological factors, the incidence of which increases significantly with age, and it can be said that it is also a condition related to aging. (6) Indeterminate relationship with urinary tract symptoms: most people are found by health checkups and are usually asymptomatic. (7) No specific treatment: from observation to symptomatic treatment, there is no specific treatment. Stones: prostate stones are the same as calcification, as both have similar ultrasound characteristics and are judged according to the experience of the sonographer and the strength of the sound shadow. The characteristics are basically the same as calcification. However, they occur more often in middle-aged and elderly people, and are formed by the shedding of epithelial cells and lecithin, protein, cholesterol and other prostate secretions to form a semi-solid substance, medically known as adenoids, which block the prostate ducts, and then calcium and phosphorus and other inorganic salts are deposited to form. It is mostly seen in the prostate follicles or ducts, while calcification is located in the prostate stroma. Cyst: It is formed by secretion stagnation in the gland, not with inherent envelope, true cyst, generally less than 1.0cm in diameter, visible in all ages, still more common in the elderly, and will not cause discomfort, may disappear on its own, no need to deal with. Uneven parenchyma: For people older than 40 years old, uneven parenchyma is mostly suggestive of structural changes that have occurred in prostatic hyperplasia, and is an ultrasonographic feature of nodular and adenomatous uneven hyperplasia of the prostate. However, attention must be paid to the identification of malignant and infectious lesions, combined with prostate tumor markers, prostate fluid and other imaging comprehensive analysis, if necessary, prostate puncture biopsy, especially the volume does not match the age of the person. Protruding into the bladder: it is an imaging feature of prostate mesophyll hyperplasia growing into the bladder, which is one of the manifestations of different growth patterns of the prostate. Depending on the location of prostate hyperplasia, it can grow along the periurethra and cause urinary difficulty at an early stage; or the middle lobe hyperplasia can protrude into the bladder triangle and cause bladder irritation symptoms such as frequent urination and nocturia as well as upper urinary tract obstruction, which is often misdiagnosed as bladder cancer or prostate cancer by ultrasonographers who don’t know about the characteristics of the morphology of prostate hyperplasia, therefore, prostate hyperplasia can manifest in various morphologies, and the hazards of different ways of growth are different. The most important thing to remember is that you should always consult a specialist. The following relationships are clear: ① Relationship with treatment: simple calcification, stones, cysts, no symptoms, no abnormality in the shape, size and periphery of the prostate, no need for treatment. ② Relationship with prostatitis: theoretically stones induce aseptic inflammation by blocking the glandular ducts or as a foreign body stimulation, but the relationship between calcification, stones and prostatitis is difficult to determine, over-exaggerating the relationship between calcification and inflammation, infection is caused by adverse social factors, not in line with the philosophy of medicine. ③ Relationship with urinary tract symptoms: there is no specific test to confirm the direct relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms and prostate stones and calcification or cysts, and it can only be diagnosed by exclusion or treatment tests. ④ Relationship with prostatic hyperplasia: stones of different sizes and colors are often seen rolling out of the trauma and toothpaste-like prostatic fluid overflowing out of the trauma during prostate electrosurgery, but not always. ⑤ Relationship with prostate cancer: there is no research report on the carcinogenicity of stones and calcification, but prostate cancer can be combined with calcification. In conclusion, stones, calcification, and cysts can exist alone or coexist with other diseases, and it is difficult to determine the causality of each of them, and it is necessary to combine them with the history, specialty examination, other manifestations of imaging, or biochemical tests to analyze them comprehensively. Although there are some relationship characteristics with age and coexisting diseases, they are not specific and cannot be used as a basis for diagnosis of specific diseases.