What is the relationship between spastic cerebral palsy muscle tone and secondary impairment and obesity?

  One of the important features of spastic cerebral palsy is increased muscle tone. Increased muscle tone can have the following effects as the patient ages: Increased muscle tone can limit myostatin synthesis, leading directly to a lack of muscle strength.  Increased muscle tone can limit the range of motion of joints and reduce the range of motion of muscle contractions, resulting in limited muscle strength growth or rehabilitation.  Increased muscle tone can limit the growth rate of long bones, leading to height deficiency and short and long legs.  Increased muscle tone can cause tendon and joint contractures, secondary to joint and limb deformities, which can lead to further abnormalities in motor gait.  Increased muscle tone can lead to increased energy consumption ratio and increased energy consumption.  Increased muscle tone can lead to low overall motor capacity and less movement, which leads to obesity, which further increases the burden of muscle contraction during exercise, further affecting motor development.  In summary, it is clear that increased muscle tone is the cause of a range of problems. It is essential to clarify the cause and effect of the patient’s problems and then determine what treatment plan to use to address the excessive increased muscle tone, and it also explains why reducing muscle tone can build a better platform for the improvement of the last three of the four elements of motor function achievement (physiological structure, muscle strength, and motor control).  By the way, I would like to share a graph with you: the left graph suggests a normal gait and the right graph suggests an abnormal squatting gait.  As shown in the figure, the increased muscle tone leads to tendon and joint contractures, especially flexor tendons such as the Achilles tendon, which causes a crouch gait.  The moment represented by the red arrow s is much larger in crouch gait than in normal gait, so the energy consumption in crouch gait is three times larger than in normal gait, according to the calculation of kinematics. Extrapolating backwards, after SPR surgery or ITB (baclofen pump implantation), muscle tone is reduced and squatting gait is improved, most patients develop obesity for the following reasons: increased energy efficiency of movement, reduced exercise work expenditure, reduced caloric expenditure, and weight gain.  The spastic state itself consumes energy, and after the release of the spastic state, calorie consumption decreases and body weight increases.  After surgery, bed rest for a period of time, exercise decreases, calorie consumption decreases, and weight increases.  After surgery, the diet structure is not changed, the intake is the same as before surgery, while the consumption is reduced, the intake > consumption, and the weight is increased.  Therefore, for patients with spastic cerebral palsy, we also advocate the adjustment of dietary structure after surgery, which is also often ignored by many doctors and family members, leading to obesity, thus affecting the postoperative recovery.