Aphasia is a clinical condition in which there is an inability to recognize body parts and familiar objects through the organs in the absence of sensory insufficiency, mental decline, confusion, and inattention. It includes visual, auditory, tactile and body part recognition deficits. What can cause cognitive deficits? The occipital lobe is the visual cortical center, mainly associated with visual perception and visual memory, and lesions in areas 18 and 19 cause visual agnosia. The auditory area of the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere is related to speech comprehension and auditory analysis, and auditory agnosia occurs when damage is done. The parietal lobe is the cortical area responsible for cognitive activity and is the cortical area that underlies the concept of behavior, and in cases of damage, tactile agnosia and somatosensory deficits occur. In the case of parietal lobe damage in the dominant hemisphere, there can be simultaneous loss of writing, arithmetic, left-right discrimination and finger recognition, which is known as Gerstmann syndrome. The main causes of aphasia are intracranial tumors, cerebrovascular disease, and cranial trauma. Cognition is an advanced neuropsychological activity of the human brain (sensory perception of the existence of things and awareness). To recognize something is to be able to identify it among many things, that is, to compare the current perceptual experience with all past experiences. The recognition of a thing is the result of the convergence of multiple senses, mainly visual-somatosensory convergence, with the participation of auditory and even olfactory senses. Agnosia is the loss of contact between sensory objects and previously remembered material and the loss of recognition, i.e., the inability to recognize. It refers to an acquired cognitive disorder due to localized damage to the brain. The patient is able to recognize an object through other sensory channels, but loses the ability to recognize a familiar object, self or visual space through a specific sensory channel and the corresponding senses. This inability to recognize is not due to sensory, language, intellectual, or memory deficits, nor is it due to the patient’s unfamiliarity with the object, but is often caused by damage to specific functional areas of the cerebral hemispheres. Most manifestations of anosognosia are idiosyncratic. Like other functional brain abnormalities, anosognosia has asymmetries in both cerebral hemispheres.