Colon cancer is one of the common malignant tumors, with the highest incidence in the age group of 40 to 50 years. According to the world epidemiological survey, it is found that colon cancer has the highest incidence rate in North America, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand, ranking the top two of visceral tumors, but the incidence rate is very low in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The incidence rate and mortality rate in China are lower than those of common malignant tumors such as stomach cancer, esophageal cancer and lung cancer. In recent years, information from all over the world shows that with the improvement of people’s living standard and the change of diet structure, the incidence rate is on the trend of each year. The incidence rate of colorectal cancer in China and Japan is significantly lower than that in the United States, but the first generation of immigrants to the United States can see an increase in the incidence rate of colorectal cancer, and the second generation is basically close to the incidence rate of Americans. From an epidemiological point of view, the incidence of colon cancer is related to the environment, lifestyle habits, and especially dietary patterns. High-fat recipes and inadequate fiber are generally considered to be the main causes of incidence. Studies have shown that a diet of saturated fatty acids increases the concentration of bile acids and neutral sterols in the colon and alters the composition of the colonic flora. Bile acids can generate carcinogens such as 3-methylcholanthrene by bacterial action, and sterol rings can also be aromatized by bacterial action to form carcinogens. Food fiber, including cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose and lignin, absorbs water, increases the amount of stool, dilutes the concentration of residues in the intestine, and can shorten the time for stool to pass through the large intestine and reduce the contact time between carcinogenic substances and intestinal mucosa, which is one of the factors for the development of colon cancer if there is insufficient dietary fiber. The incidence of bowel cancer in chronic inflammatory diseases of the colon, such as ulcerative colitis, is higher than that of the general population. During the development of proliferative lesions of inflammation, polyps can often be formed, which can further develop into bowel cancer; in the case of Crohn’s disease, those with colon and rectal involvement can cause cancerous changes. The incidence and mortality of colon cancer in schistosomiasis-endemic and non-endemic areas are significantly different. In the past, it was believed that chronic schistosomiasis patients, due to the deposition of schistosome eggs and toxin stimulation in the intestinal wall, led to chronic ulceration of the colonic mucosa and inflammatory polyps, which in turn caused cancer. This view has been debated, according to Zhejiang Province, Jiashan County, schistosomiasis is gradually controlled, new cases are significantly reduced, late stage patients tend to disappear, while the incidence of colon cancer is still very high. According to general information, the incidence of colon cancer in patients with colon polyps is five times higher than that in patients without colon polyps. The incidence of cancer is even higher in familial multiple intestinal polypomas. In recent years, there are reports of colon cancer positive families, whose incidence rate is four times higher than that of the general population, indicating that genetic factors may be involved in the development of colon cancer.