Low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia of the rectum is usually treated with endoscopic surgery. Rectal low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia is difficult to diagnose in the early stage because the symptoms are not obvious, and it is only in the middle and late stage that it will be manifested, but at this time, the difficulty of treatment will be greatly increased. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are especially important. In the early stage of the disease, endoscopic surgery should be performed as soon as possible, with good therapeutic effect and low recurrence rate. In the middle and late stages of the disease, surgical treatment is also feasible, but it should be supplemented with radiotherapy, but the prognosis is worse than the early stage, so the earlier the discovery, the earlier the treatment, the better the effect. For larger and poorly differentiated intraepithelial neoplasia, timely surgical resection should be performed to prevent cancerous transformation.