I. The development of cardiovascular disease treatment The treatment of cardiovascular disease has gone through a rather long process. At present, the means of cardiovascular treatment mainly include general treatment, drug treatment, device treatment and surgical treatment and organ transplantation. In recent years, interventional treatment of cardiovascular system diseases has been on the rise. These treatments have significantly improved the overall prognosis of cardiovascular disease, but are not yet satisfactory. We know that cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated cells, and when they are damaged for various reasons, their regenerative capacity is extremely low, leading to a decrease in the number of cardiomyocytes and the formation of fibrous scar tissue, which eventually leads to heart failure and affects the patient’s quality of life and lifespan. Stem cells are a relatively primitive group of cells with strong self-renewal and multiple differentiation potentials, which can replace diseased cardiomyocytes and build new blood vessels to restore the pumping function of a weak heart. Therefore, stem cell transplantation therapy has become one of the research hot spots in the field of cardiovascular disease treatment as gene therapy. II. Cardiovascular diseases mainly applicable to stem cell therapy The original intention of stem cell therapy is cell transplantation replacement therapy, but recent studies have found that stem cells can also secrete some growth factors such as vascular growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor after transplantation to improve local tissue blood supply and microenvironment, and can also fuse with undamaged cells to improve cell function. Stem cells can also be used as a gene carrier to introduce target gene fragments into the body to achieve gene therapy. Currently, the main cardiovascular diseases treated by stem cell transplantation are the treatment of coronary myocardial infarction and post-infarction heart failure, ischemic cardiomyopathy, chronic cardiac insufficiency, and sinus node insufficiency. The latest literature reports the treatment of hereditary LQT syndrome with genetically modified stem cells. It is believed that as stem cell research continues to progress in the future, more and more diseases will be treated by stem cell transplantation. Stem cell transplantation for cardiovascular diseases should be a new thing, and there are still many questions that need to be answered by more evidence, both in basic and clinical research. The first is the type of stem cells. There are two main types of cells reported for stem cell transplantation: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are limited in clinical use due to ethical issues. Among adult stem cells, umbilical cord blood stem cells, peripheral hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, bone marrow single nucleus cells, cardiac stem cells and skeletal muscle satellite cells, and side population cells have been used to treat heart diseases. However, all of these cells mentioned above have one or another problems and have not been promoted for use. Mesenchymal stem cells are receiving more and more attention because of their strong proliferative ability and wide source with low immunogenicity. MSCs with therapeutic effects can be extracted from tissues such as bone marrow, umbilical cord huatong collagen and adipose. The main research conducted in our laboratory is on adipose MSCs. The next is the transplantation route of stem cells. The common routes of stem cell transplantation for cardiovascular diseases are: direct injection into the open myocardium, endomyocardial injection through percutaneous puncture catheter intervention, intracoronary injection through percutaneous puncture, transventricular injection, and injection through peripheral veins. Peripheral blood-stimulating factor mobilization is also a route of transplantation. Of these methods mentioned above, percutaneous percutaneous intracoronary injection is the most commonly used. Time window for stem cell transplantation. This refers mainly to the time after myocardial infarction when to transplant. Some literature reports that injection within 24 hours is better, also inflammatory factors and cells in the acute phase have a killing effect on transplanted cells, therefore some report that 5-7 days is better, when inflammation is reduced and conducive to stem cell growth, and some believe that all within one month is acceptable, because scar formation is not yet complete and there is still a chance for treatment. So far there is no uniform time window. Fourth, how far is the stem cell therapy from the clinical routine application? The basic research on stem cell transplantation for cardiovascular diseases is getting hotter and hotter, and clinical application research is gradually carried out. A number of clinical experimental studies on stem cell transplantation for cardiovascular diseases have been reported one after another. The results of these clinical studies have shown that stem cell transplantation can replace cells that have lost their function or work in synergy with their own cells to improve cardiac function and treat cardiac arrhythmias. Stem cell transplantation is safe and effective in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, the shortcoming is the lack of evidence-based medical evidence of large-scale, multicenter, randomized controlled trials. In addition, the low survival conversion rate of transplantation therapy, the insufficient survival period, and the absence of easy and non-invasive assays for tracing are also the current bottlenecks of stem cell transplantation for cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, current studies show that stem cell transplantation is a safe and effective treatment for cardiovascular disease, but many challenges remain and much work needs to be done. Stem cell transplantation has a promising application and will be the next major milestone in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.