Vaccination against hepatitis B is the most effective way to prevent HBV infection. In 1992, the Ministry of Health of China included hepatitis B vaccine into the management of planned immunization, and all newborns were vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, but the vaccine and its vaccination cost had to be paid by parents. Wang Liping, Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College Hepatitis B vaccination is mainly for newborns, followed by infants and children and high-risk groups (e.g. medical personnel, people with frequent contact with blood, staff of childcare institutions, organ transplant patients, frequent recipients of blood transfusions or blood products, people with low immune function, people prone to trauma, family members of HBsAg-positive people, men who have sex with men or multiple sexual partners, and people who inject drugs intravenously). The vaccination should be administered to all patients (including those who have multiple sexual partners and those who inject drugs intravenously). Hepatitis B vaccine is administered in 3 doses, according to the 0, 1 and 6 months procedure, i.e. after the first dose of vaccine, the second and third doses of vaccine are administered at intervals of 1 and 6 months. Hepatitis B vaccination for newborns is given as early as possible, within 24 hours of birth. The site of vaccination is intramuscularly in the anterior lateral thigh for newborns and intramuscularly in the middle deltoid muscle of the upper arm for children and adults. The protection rate for blocking mother-to-child transmission with hepatitis B vaccine alone is 87.8%. For newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers, hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) should be administered as early as possible within 24 h after birth, preferably within 12 h after birth, at a dose of ≥100 IU, along with 10 μg of recombinant yeast or 20 μg of Chinese hamster oocyte (CHO) hepatitis B vaccine at different sites to significantly improve the effectiveness of blocking mother-to-child transmission. Alternatively, 1 dose of HBIG can be administered within 12 h after birth, followed by a second dose of HBIG 1 month later and a concurrent 10 μg recombinant yeast or 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine at different sites, with a second and third dose of hepatitis B vaccine (10 μg recombinant yeast or 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine each) at 1 and 6 months intervals, respectively. The latter is less convenient than the former, but its protection rate is higher than that of the former. Newborns can receive breastfeeding from HBsAg-positive mothers after HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine are administered within 12 h of birth. Newborns of HBsAg-negative mothers can be immunized with 5 μg recombinant yeast or 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine; children who were not vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine during the neonatal period should be given a catch-up vaccination with 5 μg recombinant yeast or 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine; 20 μg recombinant yeast or 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for adults. For those who are immunocompromised or non-responders, the vaccination dose and number of doses should be increased; for those who do not respond to the 3-dose immunization program, 3 more doses can be administered and the anti-HBs in the serum should be tested 1 to 2 months after the second 3-dose hepatitis B vaccination. The protective effect of hepatitis B vaccination for those who have antibody response generally lasts at least 12 years; therefore, the general population does not need anti-HBs monitoring or Therefore, the general population does not need anti-HBs monitoring or booster immunization. However, anti-HBs monitoring can be performed in high-risk groups.