1.What is the normal body temperature of the human body? The normal body temperature of the human body is around 37℃, and its fluctuation range is generally not more than 1℃, and the morning body temperature is slightly lower than the afternoon body temperature. 2.What is the normal value of body temperature at different measurement sites? Axillary temperature 35.9℃～36.8℃; oral temperature 36.3℃～37.2℃; anal temperature is 36.6℃～37.7℃. 3.How to convert between axillary temperature, oral temperature and anal temperature? Generally, the mouth temperature is 0.4℃ higher than the axillary temperature, and the anal temperature is 0.5℃ higher than the axillary temperature. However, it should be noted that this difference becomes less obvious with the increase of body temperature, and the three are basically the same when the body temperature exceeds 39℃. In addition, there is also a relationship with the measurement time of body temperature, the axillary table, oral table and anal table measurement time were fixed to 5 minutes, 3 minutes, 2 minutes, the results of the three testing methods are similar. 4.What do you mean by elevated body temperature? When the body temperature exceeds the normal value of 0.5℃, it is called elevated body temperature. 5.How does the body maintain a constant body temperature? Human body temperature is controlled by the thermoregulatory center of the anterior hypothalamus, located roughly at the base of the skull above the nasal cavity. When the temperature of the blood flowing through the thermoregulatory center is lower than 37℃, the person will feel cold and warm up by reducing heat dissipation (e.g. increasing clothes, etc.) or/and increasing heat production (e.g. chills, etc.). Conversely, a person will feel hot and will cool down by enhancing heat dissipation. 6.What is thermogenesis? Under the action of thermogenic activator, the body produces endogenous thermogenic, which shifts the thermoregulatory center upward, and then the body regulates the body temperature to the appropriate level through the adjustment of heat production and heat dissipation. In simple terms, the increase in body temperature caused by the upward shift of the thermoregulation point is called fever. 7.Is any increase in body temperature a fever? No, it is not. Because the body temperature can also appear when the temperature adjustment point does not move up, such as strenuous exercise, premenstruation, pregnancy, the body temperature can increase by more than 0.5 ℃, this situation is called physiological fever. 8.Does heat stroke count as fever? No, because at this time the body temperature adjustment point is not adjusted upward. Heatstroke is caused by high ambient temperature, resulting in increased body temperature due to poor heat dissipation, and the common infant fever syndrome in pediatrics can also be considered as “heatstroke in winter”. 9.What are the common fever-activating agents? Common fever activators include pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, spirochetes, malaria parasites and their metabolites; as well as proteins and steroids that cause allergies in the body. 10.In addition to infection and allergy, what other conditions can cause fever? Malignant tumors, trauma, surgery and other damaged cells, necrotic tissue and abnormal cells can also stimulate the body to produce endogenous pyrogen, which can lead to fever. 11.How is fever graded? The classification of fever has not been completely unified. Generally, fever can be classified as low fever: 37.4~38℃; medium fever: 38.1-39℃; high fever: 39.1-41℃; ultra-high fever: 41℃ or more, according to the level of axillary temperature. 12.How is fever staged? Fever can be divided into three phases. Phase 1 is the period of rising body temperature, when the temperature of the body temperature adjustment point is higher than the body temperature, the human skin vasoconstriction and bone muscle chills, when heat production is greater than heat dissipation, and the body temperature begins to gradually increase. Patients can appear pale skin, hand and foot end skin temperature decreased. Phase 2 is the high temperature persistence period, the body temperature is consistent with the temperature adjustment point temperature, at this time the patient’s body temperature no longer rises, and maintain in the fever state. The patient may feel hot and the skin and lips are dry. Phase 3 is the period of decreasing body temperature, in which the substances causing the fever are gradually eliminated by the body and the body temperature regulating point returns to normal. Clinically, skin vasodilation and increased sweat gland secretion are seen, and the body temperature gradually decreases to normal. 13.What is the effect of fever on the body? An increase in body temperature by 1℃ increases respiration by 5-7 times, heart rate by about 18 times/minute, and intracranial blood flow by 8%. Heat, especially hyperthermia (40-41 ℃) when the nervous system excitability increased, can appear irritability, delirium, hallucinations, a sharp rise in body temperature in children can be accompanied by convulsions. Decreased secretion of digestive juices and reduced activity of digestive enzymes cause decreased appetite. 14.What is the effect of fever on the immunity of the body? On the one hand, high fever can make pathogenic microorganisms decrease in vitality and inhibit reproduction, so that the body can restore health. On the other hand, high fever can also reduce the function of some immune cells of the body, leading to the decrease of the body’s resistance, thus leading to the aggravation of infection or the occurrence of new infections. In addition, hyperthermia can also suppress tumor cells. 15.How should we deal with the fever after fever? If the fever does not exceed 40℃ and there is no serious underlying disease (such as heart disease, women in pregnancy, pediatric patients with a history of high fever convulsions, etc.), you can drink more water and take appropriate vitamin and nutrient supplements, and there is no need to rush to reduce the fever. For patients with body temperature above 40℃ (39℃ in children) or fever with serious underlying diseases, timely antipyretic treatment is necessary to bring the body temperature down to 38.5℃. 16.What is the mechanism of antipyretic drugs commonly used in pediatrics? Commonly used antipyretic drugs in pediatrics include ibuprofen (trade name Merlin, Sweet Qian) and acetaminophen (trade name Tylenol), etc. These drugs can adjust the temperature setting point of the thermoregulatory center downward to normal, and then regulate the body temperature to the appropriate level through the body’s adjustment of heat production and heat dissipation. 17.Is there no side effect of physical cooling? Because fever is caused by the upward shift of the thermoregulation center’s temperature setting point, if the temperature setting point is high and physical cooling is used, especially during the period of temperature rise, adverse reactions such as chills may occur, which is not conducive to recovery. 18.When to consider physical cooling? Local cooling such as local cold compresses on the head and cooling patches can improve the comfort of the child during the period of high fever; during the period of decreasing body temperature, if the patient’s body temperature is too high, appropriate application of physical cooling can reduce sweating and avoid the occurrence of dehydration (deficiency).