Hepatitis B vaccine prevention Vaccination against hepatitis B is the most effective method to prevent HBV infection. The target population for hepatitis B vaccination is mainly newborns [37], followed by infants and children, unimmunized people under 15 years of age and high-risk groups (e.g., medical personnel, people with frequent exposure to blood, workers in childcare institutions, organ transplant patients, frequent recipients of blood transfusions or blood products, immunocompromised people, people prone to trauma, family members of HBsAg-positive people, gay men or people with multiple (such as men who have multiple sexual partners and those who inject drugs intravenously). The need for screening for markers of HBV infection prior to immunization with hepatitis B vaccine is primarily based on cost-effectiveness rather than safety considerations. Practice since the global implementation of universal hepatitis B vaccination in 1982 has demonstrated that the vaccine is safe without prevaccination screening. Three doses of hepatitis B vaccine are required for the entire course, following a 0, 1, and 6 month schedule, i.e., the first dose is followed by the second and third doses at 1 month and 6 months intervals. Hepatitis B vaccination for newborns is required within 24 hours of birth, the earlier the better. The vaccination site is intramuscular in the lateral anterior gluteal muscle for newborns and intramuscular in the middle deltoid muscle of the upper arm for children and adults. The blockage rate of mother-to-child transmission with hepatitis B vaccine alone was 87.8% [38] (II-3). For newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers, HBIG should be administered as early as possible (preferably 12 hours after birth) within 24 hours of birth at a dose of ≥100 IU, along with 10 μg recombinant yeast or 20 μg Chinese hamster oocyte (CHO) hepatitis B vaccine at different sites, and a second and third dose of hepatitis B vaccine at 1 month and 6 months of age, respectively, to significantly improve the block the effectiveness of mother-to-child transmission [37,38] (II-3). It is also possible to administer 1 dose of HBIG within 12 hours of birth, followed by a 2nd dose of HBIG 1 month later, and 1 dose of 10 μg recombinant yeast or 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine at different sites, with 2nd and 3rd doses of hepatitis B vaccine at 1 and 6 months intervals, respectively [39]. Newborns can receive breastfeeding from HBsAg-positive mothers after HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine administration within 12 hours of birth [40, 41] (III). Newborns of HBsAg-negative mothers can be immunized with 5 μg or 10 μg yeast or 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine; children who were not vaccinated against hepatitis B during the neonatal period should be given a catch-up dose of 5 μg or 10 μg recombinant yeast or 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine; 20 μg yeast or 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for adults. For those who are immunocompromised or non-responders, the vaccination dose (e.g. 60 μg) and number of doses should be increased; for those who do not respond to the 3-dose immunization program, 3 more doses can be administered, and the anti-HBs in the serum should be tested 1 to 2 months after the second 3-dose hepatitis B vaccine. The protective effect of those with antibody response after hepatitis B vaccination generally lasts for at least 12 years [42]; therefore, anti-HBs monitoring or booster immunization is not required for the general population. However, anti-HBs monitoring can be performed in high-risk groups, and booster immunization can be given if anti-HBs is <10 mIU/ml [43] (III).