Atherosclerosis: A general term for degenerative and proliferative lesions in which the walls of the arteries thicken, harden, and narrow the official lumen. It includes four types of atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, senile degenerative sclerosis and small arteriosclerosis, all of which have different degrees of ocular manifestations except arteriosclerosis (which occurs only in large arteries). Atherosclerosis: mainly involves large and medium-sized arteries, with vessel diameters over 100um, with aorta and coronary arteries being the most common, and less than 125um belonging to small arteries. Small artery sclerosis is often the result of hypertension, also known as hypertensive proliferative sclerosis. Atherosclerosis occurs when the central retinal artery enters the diameter of the optic papilla and the nearby 1-2 papillae, which can cause obstruction of the central retinal artery, the diameter of this section of the vessel is about 100um, and later the retinal artery gradually branches and becomes thinner, which belongs to small arteries. Retinal arteriosclerosis has a certain relationship with the systemic vasculature. When retinal arteriosclerosis occurs in old age, it indicates that the peripheral vasculature has been changed, while the absence of vascular sclerosis in the fundus does not exclude the absence of vascular sclerosis in the whole body. Hypertension is divided into benign (chronic) hypertension and acute (malignant) hypertension. The relationship between hypertension and fundus performance Hypertension stage I Most of the small arteries in the body are normal or have mild functional constriction, no organic damage, and the fundus is normal. Stage II hypertension There is already damage to heart, brain, kidney and other organs, but the function can be compensated, and atherosclerosis can appear in the fundus (fundus arteriosclerosis stage I and II performance). Hypertensive disease stage III There is already organ damage but the function is not compensated, and the fundus can appear hypertensive retinopathy (fundus arteriosclerosis stage III or stage IV manifestation). Malignant (acute) hypertension Significant narrowing of the arteries in the fundus, flame-like hemorrhages and exudates in the retina, and edema in the optic papilla and peripheral retina. According to statistics, 62% of those who develop hypertensive retinopathy have enlarged left ventricles, 75% have left ventricular hypertrophy, and 87% have renal insufficiency. Malignant hypertension is often associated with kidney and brain damage. The fundus is the only visible living blood vessel in the whole body, and the optic nerve is connected to the brain, so patients with hypertensive atherosclerosis combined with heart, brain and kidney damage; patients with diabetes; and elderly people should go to the ophthalmology department regularly for fundus examination.