Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a diffuse, systemic autoimmune disease that mainly involves the skin and mucous membranes, skeletal muscles, kidneys, and central nervous system, but can also involve the lungs, heart, blood and other organs and systems, showing a variety of clinical manifestations; a variety of autoantibodies and immunological abnormalities can be detected in the serum. A variety of autoantibodies and immunological abnormalities can be detected in the serum. It occurs in young women, with a peak incidence between 15 and 40 years of age and a male to female incidence ratio of about 1:9. The cause is unknown and may be related to genetic factors, sex hormone levels, and environmental factors. The onset of SLE can be acute or slow, and the clinical manifestations are varied. Patients with early mild disease often have atypical manifestations of single system or organ involvement, but as the disease progresses, the clinical manifestations become more complex and may show clinical symptoms of multiple system and organ involvement. Systemic manifestations include fever (mostly hyperthermia), fatigue, malaise and weight loss. (1) Clinical manifestations of commonly affected tissues and organs: 1) Skin and mucous membranes: butterfly erythema (butterfly erythema on zygomatic face), discoid lesions, photosensitivity (facial redness after sun exposure), erythema or papules, oral, vulvar or nasal ulcers (usually painless ulcers), hair loss (one kind of diffuse hair loss, one kind of hair loss concentrated on the forehead forming “lupus hair”), etc. “lupus hair”), etc. 2) Joint muscles: arthralgia, arthrogryposis (X-ray mostly does not show bone changes and joint deformities), myalgia, muscle weakness, ischemic osteonecrosis, etc. 3) Hematological system: leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymph node enlargement (manifested as local or generalized lymph node enlargement), splenomegaly, etc. 4) Nervous system: 19 manifestations such as headache, peripheral neuropathy, epilepsy, convulsions, and mental abnormalities 5) Cardiovascular system: pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, etc. 6) Vascular lesions: Raynaud’s phenomenon (pallor followed by cyanosis after episodes of cold or emotional stress at the ends of fingers/toes, turning red after light rubbing or warming), reticulocytosis (reticulocytosis in the inner side of both thighs), arterial and venous embolism and recurrent miscarriage, stillbirth, etc. 7) Pleura and lung: pleurisy, interstitial lung fibrosis, lupus pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension and adult respiratory distress syndrome, etc. 8) Kidney: proteinuria, hematuria, tubular urine, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency, etc. 9) Digestive system: loss of appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, peritonitis and pancreatitis, etc. 10) Menstrual irregularities: there may be early, delayed or reduced menstruation or increased menstrual flow, etc. (2) Clinical manifestations of rare involved tissues and organs: 1) Mesenteric vasculitis, protein-losing enteropathy or pseudo-intestinal obstruction are serious complications of digestive system involvement, with symptoms including fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or bloody stools, abdominal pressure pain and rebound pain, and other signs and symptoms. 2) Lupus ocular involvement: retinal lesions are common, manifesting as “cotton wool spots”, followed by keratitis and conjunctivitis; they may manifest as blurred vision, decreased visual acuity, eye pain and darkness. Diagnosis The diagnosis of this disease is based on clinical features and laboratory tests, especially autoantibody tests, which can help diagnose and judge the disease. The presence of clinical manifestations of multisystem damage accompanied by evidence of autoimmune disease (such as positive autoantibodies, elevated immunoglobulins and reduced complement) should be considered as a possibility of lupus. The classification criteria for SLE, as revised by the American College of Rheumatology in 1997, are currently in common use. Treatment: Because of the complexity of the clinical manifestations of SLE, treatment emphasizes the principles of early, individualized protocols and drug combinations. Different treatment plans are chosen according to the presence or absence of organ involvement and disease activity. Patients with severe disease should be actively treated with drugs and given maintenance treatment after the disease is controlled. Treatment must be regular, otherwise the consequences are serious. Patients suffering from SLE should consult the rheumatology department early to avoid irreversible consequences.