There are many factors affecting the prognosis of colon cancer, and low differentiation of tumor, presence of vascular thrombus and high levels of tumor markers CEA and CA19-9 are the risk factors for postoperative recurrence and metastasis of colon cancer patients. The lower the degree of differentiation of colon cancer tissues, the stronger the growth potential, the more rapid the tumor cell division, the easier it is to fall off and plant, and to transfer to the peripheral tissues of colon, capillaries and lymphatic vessels, which increases the rate of postoperative tumor recurrence. The larger the diameter of tumor tissue, the greater the possibility of residual cancer tissue in surgery, and the higher the rate of postoperative recurrence. Tumor markers CEA and CA19-9 levels have high sensitivity and specificity in predicting postoperative recurrence and metastasis of colon cancer. Therefore, colon cancer patients should closely monitor the levels of tumor markers after surgery to actively prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis and improve long-term prognosis, and it is recommended that patients should follow the doctor’s instructions for regular review.