Psychogenic movement induced dyskinesia (PKD)

I. Definition of PKD: PKD is a recurrent, movement-induced, brief-duration movement disorder that manifests clinically as chorea, tardive dyskinesia, throwing disorder, and dystonia. PKD was first described by Japanese scholar Shuzo Kure in 1892. The clinical features of PKD are: (1) autosomal dominant inheritance; there are also disseminated cases, with more males than females; (2) childhood onset, most severe in adolescence, and spontaneous remission of symptoms after 30-40 years of age; (3) clinical manifestations: chorea, tardive dyskinesia, throwing disorder, and dystonia; (4) responsive to antiepileptic drugs such as carbamazepine and phenytoin sodium. (1) The seizure is triggered by movement; (2) The duration of the seizure is short (no more than 1 min); (3) The seizure is conscious and painless; (4) The neurological examination is normal and other organic lesions are excluded; (5) Anti-epileptic drugs such as carbamazepine and phenytoin sodium are effective; (6) The age of onset is usually between 1 and 20 years; (7) The clinical response to anti-epileptic drugs such as carbamazepine and phenytoin sodium is sensitive. -(7) Clinical manifestations of choreoathetosis, throwing disorder, dystonia, etc.; (8) The causative gene is PRRT2. Treatment of PKD: (1) PKD responds to many antiepileptic drugs; (2) Carbamazepine and phenytoin sodium respond best; (3) Oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine, and gabapentin are also effective; (4) Valproate sodium (4) Sodium valproate is ineffective.