There are two types of heart valve replacement surgery: traditional open heart valve replacement through a median incision in the chest and minimally invasive heart valve replacement. 1. Open heart valve replacement through a median incision in the chest. (1) The chest cavity is opened and extracorporeal circulation is performed by inserting a tube into the aorta and the right atrium so that the heart stops beating and there is no bleeding during the operation. (2) Depending on the location of the valve to be replaced, an incision is made to remove the diseased valve, the thrombus in the heart cavity is detected and removed, and the valve to be replaced is placed in the appropriate position and sutured. (3) After suturing, close the cardiac incision, restore cardiac circulation and continue extracorporeal circulation until cardiac function and blood pressure level are restored, withdraw extracorporeal circulation and close the chest. 2. Minimally invasive heart valve replacement: the intracardiac surgical procedure and extracorporeal circulation operation are basically the same as above, the difference is that the incision can be chosen from the right side of the fourth intercostal space, which is less traumatic. With the advancement of technology, trans-thoracoscopic heart valve replacement is now an option. The latest technology has percutaneous aortic valve replacement, i.e., after percutaneous femoral artery puncture, the cardiac catheter will be passed along the femoral artery, iliac artery, aorta, and arrive at the left ventricle and the aortic valve, and then the aortic valve replacement surgery will be performed.