Smoking is known to affect pregnancy, both in women and in men. Women who smoke can have an effect on egg formation, fertilization and pregnancy, but mainly it increases the rate of spontaneous abortion, fetal mortality, low birth weight babies, and preterm births. Among other things, smoking disrupts placental function, and smoking pregnant women have an 80% increase in miscarriage rates compared to non-smoking pregnant women. Some experts state that 4,600 infant deaths each year are due to maternal smoking. Smoking during pregnancy also causes the child to be born prematurely, which is twice as likely as a non-smoking pregnant woman to deliver prematurely. Also, smoking can cause fetal malformations, such as heart abnormalities and cleft lip and palate. Smoking in men can cause sperm abnormalities and chromosomal abnormalities, which can seriously affect fertility.