Content from “Nutritionist must read” edited by Cai Donglian “Five grains for nourishment, five fruits for help, five animals for benefit, five dishes for filling. “Deficiency is supplemented by medicine to dispel it, and food to follow it.” Obesity due to nutritional imbalance is a common factor in most chronic diseases. The World Health Organization emphasizes that the use of improved dietary structure and appropriate increase in physical activity as the main strategy is an important means of prevention and treatment of many major chronic diseases. Each chronic disease has its specific susceptibility genes. The presence of disease-specific genes in the body has a significant impact on determining an individual’s susceptibility to a particular disease. Environmental factors, including diet, play an important role in the expression of specific disease genes. It has been shown that genes are constantly changing. Nutritional education and publicity are widely promoted, and nutritional improvement is considered an important element of health promotion. Utilize nutrients to promote the expression of genes beneficial to health and inhibit the expression of genes harmful to health. Through genetic screening experiments, nutrients are needed and tolerated differently according to different genotypes. Gene expression: refers to the process in which the genetic information carried by genes according to the specific structure of the genome, through a series of processes such as transcription and translation until the synthesis of proteins with specific amino acid sequences to perform specific biological functions. Gene expression control: 1, pre-transcriptional regulation; 2, transcriptional level regulation 3, post-transcriptional level regulation; 4, translation level regulation 5, post-translation level regulation. Almost all nutrients have a regulatory effect on gene expression. And they act at all levels. Long-term intake of diets high in sugar can lead to fat accumulation in hepatocytes and obesity. Unsaturated fatty acids have the ability to inhibit lipid synthesis, lower triglycerides and cholesterol, increase glucose utilization, enhance insulin sensitivity and improve insulin resistance. Unsaturated fatty acids also induce cell proliferation and differentiation. Excessive energy intake can cause serious health problems such as obesity, primary hypertension, heart disease, diabetes and certain cancers. Protein is the material basis of all life, and protein is renewed at a rapid rate in the intestines and bone marrow. The human body renews about 3% of its proteins every day. Glutamine has a special effect on intestinal mucosal cells, lymphocytes and fibroblasts. Glutamine reduces intestinal mucosal villi atrophy, stimulates intestinal mucosal growth, increases villi height and nitrogen content, and reduces bacterial proliferation. Pepsin mainly hydrolyzes peptide bonds composed of phenylalanine, tyrosine and leucine. Protein in food contains 16% nitrogen, which means that 1g of nitrogen is equivalent to 6.25g of protein. Normally, the body does not store protein, too much protein will deaminate and decompose, which is harmful to the body. The body’s protein requirement is 0.8g per kilogram of body weight per day. branched-chain amino acids, including leucine, isoleucine, and valine, are essential amino acids, and their catabolism occurs mainly in skeletal muscle. Adipose tissue development is characterized by cell proliferation in the first stage and hypertrophy of adipocytes in the second stage. Therefore, infants and children should avoid early sexual obesity. The body can not use fatty acids decomposition of two-carbon compounds to synthesize glucose, so the fat can not give the brain, nerves and blood cells to provide energy. When people are hungry, they must consume muscle tissue protein and glycogen to meet the needs of the body, so that dieting to lose weight is also harmful to health. The fat in food into the duodenum stimulates the production of gastrointestinal inhibitory gastrin, so that the gastrointestinal peristalsis is slowed down, slowing down gastric emptying. Usually, the content of unsaturated fatty acids in human cells is two times that of saturated fatty acids. The liver stores about 33% of the body’s glycogen for red blood cells, brain and nervous tissue, and muscle glycogen only for their own energy needs. Glycogen stores in the body can only sustain the body’s energy supply for a few hours. Fat cannot be converted to glucose. Glycolysis can supply energy rapidly, and since red blood cells do not have mitochondria, they rely entirely on glycolysis for their energy supply. Nerve cells, white blood cells, bone marrow cells and other metabolism is extremely active, even if not hypoxic, often by glycolysis to provide part of the energy. Radish has antibacterial effect, more sensitive to G + bacteria, inhibit the growth of fungi, can prevent the formation of gallstones, gallstones and kidney stones are effective, and can be treated for gastrointestinal congestion. Eggs contain 73.8-75.8% water, 12.8% protein, 11.1% fat, 1.3% sugar, 1% minerals. 1g of alcohol can produce 7Kcal calories, but ethanol can only provide heat to the body, but no other nutritional effects. 000ml of beer is equivalent to the energy produced by 5 eggs or 500ml of milk, beer is also stomachic and digestion, dampness diuretic effect, so the healthy people drink in moderation is beneficial. Beer is also good for stomach, digestion, dampness and diuretic effect, so it is good for healthy people to drink in moderation. Honey is good for health and contains iron and folic acid, which is good for anemia. High blood pressure, coronary heart disease and other chronic diseases are beneficial to cooking vinegar can not use copper, because vinegar can dissolve copper, will lead to copper poisoning. Cooking food seasoned with monosodium glutamate (MSG) is beneficial to the body. Laptop has anti-bacterial and fungal effects, can lower the qi and resolve phlegm, eliminate food in addition to the accumulation. Meat produces fire, oil produces phlegm, green vegetables and tofu to ensure peace. The human brain needs 120-140g of glucose per day as a source of energy. If it cannot be obtained from external sources, 300-400g of glycogen in the body will be decomposed and exhausted soon. Thereafter, the brain’s necessary glucose are provided through gluconeogenesis, which will lead to a decline in amino acid utilization, aggravating the burden on the body. The utilization rate of glucose metabolism in the human body is about 6mg/min per kilogram of body weight, and the maximum daily utilization can be up to 750g, but the actual dosage of 300-400g/d is appropriate. Supplementation of 100g/d has a significant protein saving effect. The biological half-life of albumin is about 20d, and albumin is only used as a compensatory treatment.