Indications for surgery 1.Patients with cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis who have been treated with standardized anti-tuberculosis therapy for 18 months, but the cavity has not changed significantly or has thickened or increased in size, and the sputum is consistently positive for tuberculosis, especially those who are resistant to various anti-tuberculosis drugs. 2.Cavitary tuberculosis, especially thick-walled cavity, combined with recurrent hemoptysis or secondary infection, with obvious clinical symptoms and ineffective drug treatment. 3. Those who cannot exclude cancerous cavities.