Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries leads to narrowing or occlusion of the blood vessel lumen, causing myocardial ischemia and hypoxia, which is mainly manifested as chest pain, chest tightness, but also sweating, nausea, palpitations, and other symptoms associated with the onset of genetic factors, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, blood glucose, smoking, obesity, etc. Often take to improve the lifestyle, medication, and surgical treatment and other treatments.
What is Coronary Atherosclerotic Heart Disease?
Definition of Atherosclerotic Heart Disease
Coronary artery atherosclerotic heart disease (CAD) is a heart disease caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, which narrows or blocks the lumen of the coronary arteries, leading to myocardial ischemia and hypoxia.
Types
Coronary artery disease is categorized according to the characteristics of the disease and the principles of treatment as follows.
Chronic coronary artery disease
Also known as chronic myocardial ischemia syndrome, including stable angina pectoris, ischemic cardiomyopathy and insidious coronary artery disease.
Acute coronary syndrome
can be divided into unstable angina, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Some scholars include sudden coronary death.
Morbidity
According to China Cardiovascular Health and Disease Report 2020, the prevalence of coronary heart disease in China is 12.3 per thousand in urban areas, 8.1 per thousand in rural areas, and 10.2 per thousand in both urban and rural areas, and the prevalence of coronary heart disease among people over 60 years old is 27.8%, and the overall incidence rate is on the rise.
Questions you may be concerned about
What are the symptoms of coronary heart disease?
There may be no obvious symptoms in the early stage of the disease. As the disease progresses, chest pain and chest tightness may occur.
Early coronary atherosclerosis usually has no obvious symptoms. Some patients may experience typical angina symptoms: chest tightness, chest pain, and may also experience palpitations, sweating, dizziness, and vomiting.
How long can a patient with coronary heart disease live?
The life expectancy of a patient with coronary heart disease depends on the severity of the disease. Usually, with timely and effective treatment, symptoms can be alleviated and the risk of serious conditions such as myocardial infarction can be reduced.
If treatment is not timely, serious conditions such as acute myocardial infarction, or serious complications such as heart failure, cardiac arrest, cardiac rupture, papillary muscle rupture, or ventricular wall tumor can be life-threatening, and death can occur within a short period of time after the onset of the disease.
Can honey cure coronary heart disease?
No, honey has no therapeutic effect on coronary heart disease.
The onset of coronary heart disease is related to high blood pressure, high blood fat and high blood sugar. Honey has a sweet taste and is often used to flavor food. Honey is sweet in flavor and is often used to flavor food. Its main components are glucose and fructose, which are high-calorie foods.
A small amount of honey has no significant effect on coronary heart disease, but if consumed in large quantities over a long period of time, it may lead to weight gain and may aggravate the condition of coronary heart disease.
Therefore, honey is not recommended for people with coronary heart disease combined with diabetes. For people with coronary heart disease without diabetes, avoid excessive intake.
Can patients with coronary heart disease eat eggs?
Yes, but in moderation.
Eggs are high protein food, patients with coronary heart disease are recommended to consume 40~50g (about 1 egg) per day, eggs can supplement the daily nutritional needs, pay attention to the cooking method of low salt and low fat. Coronary heart disease patients can consume more fruits and vegetables in their daily diet, be cautious of eating high salt and high fat foods, and follow the doctor’s instructions to take medication regularly to avoid further development of the disease.
Coronary heart disease patients can soak feet?
Coronary heart disease patients are able to soak their feet, soaking feet has no therapeutic effect, usually does not affect the condition. If you want to soak your feet, it is recommended to use the appropriate temperature of water to soak your feet, can expand blood vessels, promote and improve blood circulation.
Foot soaking can play a role in improving local blood circulation. When soaking your feet, pay attention to the temperature of the water, do not use cold water to soak your feet. The time of foot soaking should not be too long, about 10 minutes or the soles of the feet slightly sweating is appropriate.
Patients with diabetes may have temperature judgment disorder, when soaking feet, family members need to pay special attention to the water temperature and soaking time, to avoid burns.
Causes
Causes
The cause of the disease is not clear. The following risk factors exist.
Irreversible risk factors
Age
Most often occurs above the age of 40.
The older you are, the higher your risk of developing the disease.
Sex
In general, men have a higher risk of developing the disease than women.
The risk increases after menopause in women.
Genetic factors
Close relatives who have had the disease before the age of 55 have a higher risk of developing the disease.
Reversible risk factors
These high risk factors can be removed or the risk can be reduced by improving lifestyle, treatment, etc.
Dyslipidemia
People with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are at higher risk of developing this disease.
Hypertension
Those with high blood pressure are at higher risk of developing this disease.
Abnormal blood sugar
People who have diabetes or develop abnormal glucose tolerance are at higher risk of developing this disease.
Smoking
People who smoke or are exposed to “second-hand smoke” (also known as passive smoking) are at higher risk of developing the disease.
Smokers have increased morbidity and mortality compared to non-smokers.
The higher the number of cigarettes smoked per day, the higher the morbidity and mortality rates.
Obesity
People who weigh more than the upper limit of the normal range, or have a body mass index (BMI) of more than 23.9 kg/m², have a higher risk of developing the disease.
Poor dietary habits
Diets that often contain foods or drinks high in calories, animal fats, cholesterol, and sugar have a higher risk of developing the disease.
Lack of exercise
Those who are sedentary and less physically active have a higher risk of developing this disease.
Personality factors
People who are prone to impatience and overstimulation have a higher risk of developing this disease.
Drugs
People who take oral contraceptives for a long time have a higher risk of developing the disease.
Predisposing factors
Physical labor: e.g., sports, heavy or moderate physical labor.
Emotional arousal: e.g. anger, anxiety, over-excitement.
Satiety, overeating.
Cold temperatures.
Smoking.
Tachycardia.
Shock: manifested by decreased blood pressure, clammy cold skin, unresponsiveness, etc.
Dehydration: severe diarrhea, severe vomiting, heavy urination, heavy sweating, etc. resulting in significant water loss.
Bleeding.
Surgery.
Severe cardiac arrhythmia.
Pathogenesis
Coronary artery vessel wall damage occurs, damage repair process of inflammatory factors and cells in the vessel wall, blood cholesterol, platelets and other substances abnormal aggregation, the formation of fibrous atherosclerotic plaque. This process is called coronary atherosclerosis.
The constant accumulation of plaque narrows the blood vessels and reduces local blood flow.
Activity, emotional excitement leads to increased myocardial oxygen consumption, smoking and other causes abnormal contraction of coronary arteries, coronary artery stenosis or occlusion, myocardial cells due to ischemia, hypoxia and dysfunction, causing angina pectoris and other symptoms.
When ischemia and hypoxia are severe, myocardial cells become necrotic, which is called myocardial infarction.
Symptoms
There may be no obvious symptoms in the early stage of the disease, but as the disease progresses, the following symptoms may appear.
Main Symptoms
Angina pectoris
Angina pectoris can occur in most types of coronary artery disease, and the manifestation of angina pectoris varies from one type to another.
Location
Angina pectoris is mainly located behind the sternum (the lower part of the middle of the chest) and in the precordial area, with a range as large as the palm of the hand.
It may also extend across the entire anterior chest, with no clear boundaries.
Radiating pain may also be present in the left shoulder, the inside of the left arm up to the ring and little fingers, the neck, the pharynx, and the jaw.
Some elderly and diabetic patients may have onset of the disease without significant chest pain, or may present with abdominal pain and dyspepsia.
Nature
The pain is mostly characterized by a feeling of pressure, tightness, and constriction.
It may be accompanied by a sense of dying.
Some may manifest as chest tightness without any obvious pain.
The pain sensation may force the person to stop activities.
Duration
Stable angina
Pain may be present for a few minutes to ten minutes.
It is mostly relieved within 5 minutes.
Rarely lasts more than 30 minutes.
Unstable angina: pain can last for tens of minutes.
Angina due to myocardial infarction: it is persistent and most often does not resolve on its own.
Ways of Relief
Stable angina: can be relieved by removing triggers, resting, and taking drugs such as nitroglycerin under the tongue.
Unstable angina: can be relieved temporarily or partially by resting or taking nitroglycerin.
Chest pain caused by myocardial infarction: cannot be relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.
Other symptoms
Some patients may experience palpitations, sweating, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea and other symptoms in addition to typical angina.
Complications
Heart failure
Sit-up breathing (dyspnea lying down, improves after sitting up), lower limb edema, coughing up pink foamy sputum, etc. may occur.
Arrhythmia
Severe palpitations, syncope (transient loss of consciousness), dizziness, coma, respiratory and cardiac arrest may occur.
Insufficient blood supply to the brain
Dizziness, blackout (darkness before the eyes), fainting, memory loss, insomnia, hemiparesis, slurred speech, coma, etc. may occur.
Heart Rupture
It is one of the serious complications of myocardial infarction.
Difficulty in breathing, coughing up pink foamy sputum, and a drop in blood pressure may occur, and death may occur within a short period of time.
Ventricular wall tumor
It is one of the complications of myocardial infarction.
It may present with palpitations, arrhythmia, and a drop in blood pressure.
Consultation
Department of Medicine
Cardiovascular Medicine
Chest pain, chest tightness, sweating, nausea, and palpitations are symptoms that suggest prompt medical attention.
Emergency Department
Sudden severe chest pain, dyspnea, etc. It is recommended to consult the Emergency Department or call 120 emergency number immediately.
Preparation for medical treatment
Preparation for medical consultation: registration, preparation of documents, common problems
Tips for seeking medical treatment
The location of chest pain in coronary artery disease is uncertain, and some patients may experience pain in the left shoulder, left arm, or even the neck or jaw, so it is important to seek medical attention promptly when discomfort occurs.
Do not abuse drugs without the doctor’s permission, so as to avoid the drugs affecting the relevant examinations and interfering with the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Preparation List
Symptom list
Especially need to pay attention to the time of occurrence of symptoms, special manifestations, etc.
How do you feel uncomfortable?
How long have the symptoms been present? Is this the first time they have occurred or do they occur frequently?
How often do symptoms occur? How long do they last? Under what circumstances do the symptoms get worse or worse?
Are there any triggers for the symptoms, such as physical activity, mood swings, overeating, straining to defecate, etc.?
Medical History Checklist
Is there any family history of related diseases?
Any history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes?
What medications are used and how effective are they?
Are there any other medical conditions?
Checklist
Test results in the last six months, which can be brought to the doctor’s office
Routine blood test
Blood biochemistry
Myocardial injury markers
Echocardiogram
Coronary CT angiography
Coronary Angiography
Electrocardiogram, ambulatory electrocardiogram and load test
Medication List
Medication used in the last 3 months, if available in boxes or packages, bring them with you to the doctor’s office
It can clarify the severity of lesions and provide information for the development of treatment plans.
Note: Fasting is required before the examination, i.e., 6 hours of fasting and 4 hours of water fasting; no fasting is required for emergency examination.
Imaging
Echocardiography
Examines the structure and function of the heart.
It can clarify the extent and severity of lesion involvement, such as the presence of complications such as ventricular wall tumor and cardiac rupture. Rule out other diseases, such as myocardial disease.
Precautions:
Expose the chest as requested by the doctor before the examination.
A gel will be applied to the skin at the examination site. Generally, the gel does not damage the skin.
Maintain a fixed position during the examination as requested by the doctor and avoid moving around.
The gel can be removed with a tissue after the test.
Coronary CT Angiography (CTA)
It shows the condition of the coronary arteries through contrast medium.
It can clarify the location, extent and severity of the lesion and provide information for further examination or formulation of treatment plan.
Precautions: Remove jewelry or metal objects, such as necklaces, from the examination area and take off clothing made of metal before the examination.
Coronary Angiography
Coronary angiography is the main method of diagnosis and treatment for this disease, and is the “gold standard” for diagnosis.
Coronary arteries are injected with a contrast medium to visualize the coronary arteries under the X-ray and to understand the condition of the coronary arteries.
The location, extent, and severity of the lesions can be clarified, providing information for treatment planning.
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Precautions:
Before the examination, you must clearly inform your doctor of your previous illnesses, medications you are taking, and stop taking certain medications as requested by your doctor.
During the examination, lie down according to the doctor’s request and avoid moving around. If there is any discomfort promptly inform the meaning.
Move according to the doctor’s request after the examination, avoid excessive movement of the puncture site, such as the wrist, the root of the thigh and so on.
If there is bleeding or pain at the puncture site after the examination, inform the doctor promptly.
Radionuclide test
A special image of the heart is produced by a radioactive substance.
It can clarify the function and lesions of the heart.
Precautions: After the test, follow the instructions to stay away from people.
Electrocardiogram
An electrocardiogram (ECG) examines the electrical signals of the heart.
It can clarify the heart rhythm, the presence of ischemia and infarction.
Precautions:
Avoid strenuous exercise, emotional excitement, remove electronic products and bracelets on the body before the examination.
Expose the skin of the forehead, bilateral wrists and ankles during the examination, assume the position according to the doctor’s requirements, maintain even breathing and avoid movement.
Do not get up until the doctor tells you to.
Ambulatory electrocardiogram
Allows you to check the heart rate and changes in heart rhythm in relation to daily life and time. It is usually monitored for at least 24 hours.
Abnormalities may occur.
Precautions:
Apply the electrode pads and carry the instrument as required by the doctor during the examination.
If the electrode sheet falls off during the examination, it should be put on in time according to the doctor’s requirements, and avoid bumping the instrument and causing damage when moving around. If the electrode sheet can no longer be applied, or the instrument malfunctions, you should go to the hospital in time to be adjusted by the doctor.
During the examination period, it is sufficient to carry out the necessary activities of daily life, avoid deliberately increasing the time of exercise or inactivity, and avoid taking a bath.
Go to the hospital to terminate the examination at the time specified by the doctor.
Load test
This test is performed to understand the function of the heart by measuring the ECG, echocardiogram, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during exercise such as walking on a treadmill, riding a motorized bicycle, or after stimulation with medication.
Precautions: Follow the doctor’s instructions for activities during the test; inform the doctor if you feel unwell.
Differential Diagnosis
Other heart diseases
Similarities: chest pain, chest tightness, palpitations, dizziness, etc.
Differences: Myocarditis, arrhythmia caused by other reasons, mitral valve dysfunction and other diseases, the coronary artery may not have obvious stenosis or obstruction. It can be distinguished by tests such as coronary angiography.
Intercostal neuralgia
Similarity: Chest pain.
Differences: Intercostal neuralgia is an inflammatory disease of the intercostal nerves and is associated with viral infections and autoimmune abnormalities. Coronary angiography and myocardial injury marker tests are not significantly abnormal.
Differences: Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by infections, autoimmune factors, and other factors. Coronary arteries and cardiomyocytes have no obvious abnormalities.
Aortic dissection
Similarities: chest pain, dyspnea, sweating, etc.
Differences: Aortic coarctation is a serious complication of hypertension, a critical disease in which a tear occurs in the arterial vasculature to form a sandwich. There is no obvious abnormality in the coronary arteries and cardiomyocytes.
Treatment
The aim of treatment is to save normal cardiomyocytes, control the attack, slow the progression of the disease, and reduce the risk of serious conditions.
Treatment of acute attacks
In the presence of unrelieved angina, severe chest tightness, dyspnea, or if acute coronary syndrome is suspected, first aid should be administered as follows.
Stop activity immediately and sit or lie down to rest.
Take medication such as nitroglycerin as required by your doctor.
Ask someone to call an ambulance by dialing “120”.
Relax, keep warm or stay out of the heat, and wait for the ambulance to arrive.
If unconsciousness occurs, turn over to the side to avoid choking from oral secretions and vomit.
If respiratory arrest occurs, the surrounding people should immediately perform CPR, chest compressions and artificial respiration at a frequency of 30:2, or only chest compressions, and defibrillate as soon as possible with an AED.
General treatment
Rest
Take rest, avoid exertion and strenuous activities.
Ensure adequate sleep and avoid staying up late.
Adjustment of diet
Light and easy-to-digest food in the acute stage.
Ensure balanced nutrition.
Choose a low-fat diet, preferably use vegetable oil for stir-frying, not more than two white porcelain spoons of the amount per day. Eat less animal offal, crab roe, shrimp, fish roe and other high cholesterol foods, animal meat should be eaten without skin.
Avoid spicy, stimulating foods or drinks.
Abstain from alcohol.
Improve life habits
Quit smoking and stay away from “second-hand smoke”.
Exercise moderately as prescribed by your doctor and avoid sedentary lifestyle.
Soothe your emotions
Maintain a positive and optimistic attitude, avoid stress and anxiety.
Weight control
Keep your weight within the normal range by adjusting your diet and exercising.
Treatment of underlying diseases
Actively treat diseases such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes.
Monitor vital signs
When acute coronary syndrome occurs, monitor ECG, blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, and oxygen saturation as required by the doctor in order to keep abreast of the condition and treatment effect.
Oxygen intake
Inhale oxygen according to the doctor’s requirements, avoid adjusting the oxygen flow rate by yourself.
Medication
Regulation of blood lipids
Regulate blood lipids by lowering total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol to slow down the progress of the disease.
Commonly used drugs include statins (e.g. simvastatin, atorvastatin), fibrates (e.g. fenofibrate), cholesterol uptake inhibitors (e.g. ezetimibe), PCSK9 inhibitors (e.g. eloxacinumab).
Adverse reactions include hepatic impairment, rhabdomyolysis, and gastrointestinal upset.
Liver function should be checked before medication and periodically during treatment.
Antiplatelet therapy
It can inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation and reduce the risk of thrombosis.
Commonly used drugs include aspirin, clopidogrel, and tegretol.
Adverse reactions include gastrointestinal discomfort and gastrointestinal bleeding.
Anticoagulation and thrombolytic therapy
It can prevent and control blood clots and dissolve blood clots. It is used when there is already thrombosis in the artery and there is narrowing or blockage of the lumen.
Anticoagulants include heparin, low molecular weight heparin, warfarin, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban.
Thrombolytic drugs include streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase, etc.
Adverse effects include easy bleeding, etc.
Relief of angina pectoris
Improve the symptoms of angina or prevent attacks by dilating blood vessels and reducing myocardial oxygen consumption.
It can improve the repair function of myocardium, improve the therapeutic effect and delay the progression of the disease.
Commonly used types of drugs are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor antagonists (ARB).
Commonly used ACEI drugs include captopril, etc.; commonly used ARB drugs include chlorosartan and valsartan, etc.
Adverse reactions include irritating dry cough, taste disturbance, etc.
Proprietary Chinese medicines
They are mainly used to activate blood circulation and eliminate blood stasis, which can improve the symptoms of chest pain and chest tightness.
It can be used as Coronary Heart Suhuo Pills, Tongxinluo Capsules, Compound Danshen Dripping Pills, Musk Heart Pills, Refined Coronary Heart Pellets and so on.
Specific drugs should be used according to the doctor’s requirements, to avoid self-use leading to aggravation of the condition.
Secondary preventive medication
After the condition is stabilized, long-term medication to control the frequency of attacks and relieve symptoms is called secondary prevention.
Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease is categorized into five items, and the initials of the English words related to the medication, treatment plan, and handling method of each item are A, B, C, D, and E, respectively.
A: Aspirin antiplatelet, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) to reduce heart burden and anti-angina therapy.
B: β-receptor antagonist (β-blocker), can prevent arrhythmia, blood pressure control (Blood pressure control), reduce heart burden.
C: Cholesterol-lowering through medication and other methods. C: Quit smoking as early as possible (Cigarette quitting).
E: Regularly receive health education related to coronary heart disease (Education) and adhere to moderate exercise (Exercise).
Interventional therapy
Treatments include percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTA), stent implantation.
The therapeutic balloon and stent are delivered to the diseased blood vessel through the blood vessel at the root of the wrist or thigh, propping up the blood vessel, maintaining blood flow to the vessel and ensuring blood supply to the tissue.
It is one of the commonly used treatments nowadays and can be used in the acute stage or when the condition is stabilized.
Surgery
Surgery is required when the condition is severe and the blood vessels and tissues cannot be improved by other treatments.
Surgery is mainly coronary artery bypass grafting (also known as bypass grafting).
Coronary artery bypass grafting takes a section of blood vessel from a healthy part of the body and connects it directly from a large blood vessel to a normal blood vessel far from the diseased area, bypassing the diseased area to ensure blood supply to the tissues and maintain normal organ function.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
Doctors will choose targeted treatments (Diagnostic Therapy) according to the condition. The methods that may be used are mainly tonics.
TCM treatments should be carried out in regular hospitals under the guidance of or by a doctor, avoiding unidentified treatments such as local remedies, secret prescriptions, and biased remedies.
Soup medicines that may be used include Blood House and Blood Stasis Expelling Tang with additions and subtractions, Gua Pou Allium Scallion and Half-summer Tang combined with Phlegm Cleansing Tang with additions and subtractions, Hovenia Scallion and Gui Zhi Tang combined with Angelica Sinensis Four Reversed Tang with additions and subtractions, and Tonifying Yang and Returning the Five Soups with additions and subtractions, etc.
New progress in treatment
At present, biodegradable stents independently developed and produced by China have been marketed for use.
Compared with traditional stents, biodegradable stents can be slowly degraded and absorbed by normal tissues of the body, which can reduce the risk of thrombosis and restenosis to a certain extent.
Prognosis
Cure
The disease cannot be cured and requires long-term use of medication to control symptoms and slow progression of the disease.
Prompt and effective treatment can reduce symptoms and lower the risk of serious conditions such as myocardial infarction.
Hazards
The following harms may occur if treatment is not timely
When the disease is mild, it interferes with daily activities and reduces the amount of activity.
As the disease progresses, daily activities are severely affected, which can interfere with work and life.
Long-term medication is required, which may cause financial burden.
The occurrence of serious conditions such as acute myocardial infarction, or serious complications such as heart failure, cardiac arrest, heart rupture, papillary muscle rupture, or ventricular wall tumor can be life-threatening, and death can occur within a short period of time after the onset of the disease (sudden death).
Daily
Daily management
After intervention or surgical treatment
Dietary management
Nutrients such as protein, unsaturated fat, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber should be increased.
Foods that are highly nutritious and easy to digest and absorb can be chosen, and cooking should be done by steaming, boiling, blanching and stewing.
Low fat and low cholesterol diet, avoid fatty meat, cream, animal offal, egg yolks, mollusks (squid, cuttlefish) and other foods; cooking oil should not exceed 20 grams per day (about the amount of 2 white porcelain spoon).
Avoid spicy and irritating foods as well as foods that stimulate nerve excitation, such as chili peppers, mustard, coffee and alcohol.
Avoid foods that tend to trigger flatulence, such as soy milk and carbonated beverages.
Appropriately increase the intake of whole grains, fresh vegetables and fruits to ensure adequate dietary fiber intake and promote smooth bowel movement.
Activity management
Follow the doctor’s requirements for activity, avoid excessive activity or prolonged bed rest.
Avoid pulling the surgical wound when moving.
Surgical wound management
Protect the surgical wound when eating, turning and moving around.
Avoid excessive force or sudden force that may cause the wound to split.
Change the dressing regularly according to the doctor’s requirement.
Seek medical attention if there is bleeding, severe pain, redness or swelling of the wound.
Without surgery
Diet management
Avoid overeating, reduce weight appropriately and maintain a healthy weight.
A low-fat diet should be adopted to reduce the intake of fatty meat, fried food and snacks, and the daily consumption of oil should be limited to 25 grams or less (about two and a half spoons of white china spoon).
Increase protein, unsaturated fat, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber. Choose from fish, soy products, skim milk, egg whites, fresh fruits (fruits with low sugar content are appropriate), fresh vegetables, and nuts.
Reduce refined rice, refined noodles, can choose corn, millet, white potatoes, yams and other alternative staple food.
Drink an appropriate amount of water, about 1,500 milliliters a day, and in cases of heart failure, kidney failure, etc., you must follow the amount of water required by your doctor.
Avoid foods high in sugar, such as sugary drinks, snacks and overly sweet fruits.
Avoid foods that stimulate the nerves, such as coffee, strong tea and alcohol.
Control the intake of foods high in cholesterol, such as animal offal, squid and other mollusks.
Lifestyle management
Ensure adequate sleep and avoid staying up late.
Avoid exertion.
Quit smoking and avoid passive smoking.
Adhere to moderate exercise, exercise at least 30 minutes a day, you can choose brisk walking, jogging, cycling, swimming, playing tai chi and so on. Or follow the doctor’s requirements to choose the exercise time and exercise program.
Pay attention to safety when exercising and avoid excessive exercise.
If you feel unwell during exercise, stop exercising immediately.
Emotional management
Avoid negative emotions such as tension, anxiety, anger and depression.
Relieve stress by listening to soft music, chatting with friends and relatives, reading books and watching soothing movies and TV dramas.
In severe cases, you can go to a formal psychological counseling institution for consultation and treatment.
Weight management
Keep your weight within the normal range by improving your diet and living habits.
Safety Management
If vertigo occurs, sit or lie down immediately to avoid falling.
If there is hemiplegia or weakness of lower limbs, etc., crutches, walkers and wheelchairs should be chosen for mobility, or assisted or pushed by family members.
Disease management
Use medication as directed by your doctor.
Actively treat pre-existing diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.
Regular review
Follow your doctor’s instructions for regular checkups.
Measure blood pressure and blood sugar at home.
Seek timely medical attention
If your symptoms do not decrease or worsen, or if new symptoms appear, you should consult your doctor promptly.
Prevention
Improve diet and ensure balanced nutrition.
Avoid overeating and maintain appropriate body weight.
Consume more foods rich in dietary fiber, such as whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, etc. Food types should be diversified and alternated.
Avoid diets high in salt, fat, sugar and calories, and try to avoid pickled, smoked, barbecued and fried foods.
Avoid stimulating foods such as chili peppers, coffee and strong tea.
Exercise regularly and avoid being sedentary.
Quit smoking and avoid passive smoking.
Quit drinking and avoid alcoholism.
Maintain a positive and calm mindset and avoid bad emotions such as tension, anxiety and anger.
Actively treat physical diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia.
Regular medical checkups should be conducted, and any abnormalities found should be promptly consulted and treated.