Closed surgery is much more difficult compared to open surgery. Open surgery is performed under direct vision, while closed surgery is performed under blind vision, so closed surgery has higher requirements than open surgery. First of all, it requires a fine and detailed knowledge of anatomy. Microscopic anatomy is those parts of the body’s tissue structure that are not important in open surgery, but are very important for closed surgery. This is because closed surgery requires precise application to the diseased tissue to minimize damage to healthy tissue, and ideally, to do no damage at all. Therefore, closed surgery is unthinkable without establishing microanatomy. The description of microanatomy in this section can only be part of the content due to the limitation of space; a detailed discussion of microanatomy will be the subject of a separate monograph. However, this section provides an understanding of the concept, content, and scope of microanatomy, and provides a basic microanatomical basis for the clinical application of closed surgery. Microanatomy is not an exaggeration, but it is a new discipline of anatomy with a unique content and a self-contained system compared to general anatomy. Microscopic anatomy has general and local microscopic anatomical structures, which are described separately and briefly below. I. Fine anatomy of muscles, tendon membrane and intermuscular membrane Needle knife medicine is a precise in vitro operation of minimally invasive surgical methods, in order to make the operation go smoothly and reduce the damage to the tissue, we must master the fine anatomy of the whole body muscles, especially to have a full grasp of their starting and ending points, in order to be able to have a clear mind and a good hand. For the sake of convenience, we will introduce the knowledge about the fine anatomy of muscles together with the knowledge about tendon membrane and interosseous membrane. Tendon membranes and interosseous membranes are two microscopic structures that are found on the surface of almost all muscles throughout the body. When dissection is performed on cadavers, these two microscopic anatomical structures are almost impossible to find, whereas in living healthy humans, there are intact tendon membranes on the surface of the muscles and interosseous membranes between the muscles. Tendon membrane is a translucent film with a thickness between 0.03mm and 0.08mm, and interosseous membrane is a translucent membranous structure between two muscles that is extremely thin and quite elastic, with a thickness between 0.01mm and 0.03mm. The tendon membrane is wrapped around the outside of the muscle and is very smooth and produces a small amount of synovial fluid, which is important for the relative movement of the muscle and for reducing friction with the surrounding tissue. The two ends of the interosseous membrane are attached to the tendon membrane on the surface of the two muscles and produce a small amount of synovial fluid, which is also useful in reducing the friction between the two muscles during relative movements, and also has a separating effect on the two adjacent muscles. Acupuncture medicine on chronic soft tissue injury disease research found that there are some stubborn chronic soft tissue injury disease, its real cause is the tendon membrane after some kind of injury, in the human body repair process of the tendon membrane and the surrounding tissue adhesion, or interosseous membrane after some kind of injury, in the repair process contracture or adhesion, thus limiting the relative movement of the muscle, muscle in the bare relative movement pulling the tendon membrane or interosseous membrane causes new injury, hemorrhage, edema, inflammatory reaction and acute clinical symptoms. Most of these diseases are called fasciitis by modern medicine, which attributes its etiology to aseptic inflammation, and all treatment measures are aimed at eliminating inflammation, so it is difficult to achieve curative effect for these diseases, and a vicious cycle is formed, treatment → remission → relapse → re-treatment → remission → relapse, through which the bleeding is stopped, edema is absorbed, inflammatory reaction disappears, and thus symptoms are relieved. When the body carries out normal activities, there must be relative movement of the muscles in the body, and the tendon membrane and interosseous membrane of the lesion site have been adhesions or contractures, and due to pulling and re-injury, causing acute clinical symptoms, so that the old disease recurrence, each recurrence will make the injury more serious, thus making this kind of disease become a difficult to cure the oldest disease in the clinic. Acupuncture medicine has researched the physiopathology of the microstructure of the human tendon membrane and interosseous membrane, and created new treatment methods, making this type of difficult disease extremely easy to cure (the specific treatment methods will be discussed in this book). The meaning of tendon membrane in this book is somewhat different from that of tendon membrane in the original anatomical terminology. In the past, fascia, tendon membrane and tendon membrane were often confused, but in fact these three terms refer to three similar but completely different tissue structures on the human body in terms of structure and function. The fascial membrane is a tough and thick membrane-like structure that grows between two muscles and extends from a flat, thin tendon, or between two layers of muscles, barrel-shaped, half-barrel-shaped, or wrapped around the outer side of the skin and other tissues, such as the lateral abdominal fascia (the fascia between two muscles), the thoracolumbar fascia (the fascia between two layers of muscles), the calf fascia (barrel-shaped fascia, also known as the muscle interval), the cap fascia (fascia wrapped under the skin), etc. The outer and deep sides of the fascia are smooth, and it is a connective tissue with great toughness and elasticity, containing some fibrous and fatty tissues, and its [main function] is to counteract the various tensions and strains of human movement and to protect the normal movement of skeletal muscles. The tendon membrane is a thin (generally thicker than the fascia) membrane-like structure that extends from a tapered or wedge-shaped tendon, which can be called a membranous tendon, which is not as broad as the fascia, and is limited to the ends of the tendon, not at the ends of the tendon and called the tendon membrane is actually fascia rather than tendon membrane, which also has great elasticity and toughness and is relatively smooth around. The main function of the tendon membrane is to buffer the pull of the muscle during strong contraction, or the muscle is connected to other tissue structures by the tendon membrane. Tendon membrane is a very thin membrane tissue completely different from fascia and tendon membrane, generally the thickness is only one tenth to one twentieth of the thickness of tendon membrane and fascia, it is attached around the muscle fiber, itself smooth and can produce a small amount of synovial fluid. The [main function] of the tendon membrane is to reduce friction between the muscle and other tissues in the body for relative movement, and to divide the diaphragm muscle fibers into bundles so that the muscle can move independently and freely. The interosseous membrane is a thin, elastic, membrane-like microstructure attached between the tendon membranes, and its [main function] is to divide the diaphragm and connect the two muscles laterally, and to produce a small amount of synovial fluid to facilitate relative movement. Although the tendon membrane and interosseous membrane are very tiny membrane-like structures, they have extremely sensitive and microscopic peripheral nerve vascular bundles running through them. They can be significantly painful after an injury, although it is not a significant or even negligible injury to the body as a whole. When they are damaged beyond repair, they are absorbed by the body as a foreign body, and the defective tendon membrane and interosseous membrane will soon grow new tendon membrane and interosseous membrane to restore the defective area as before, which can be called “wildfire can’t burn out, but the wind blows again. This is a true “wildfire”. This physiological feature is extremely relevant for us to perform closed needle surgery to treat neck, shoulder, back and leg pain caused by tendon membrane and interosseous membrane lesions. This microscopic anatomical structure, the tendon membrane and interosseous membrane, is an almost negligible microscopic structure for open surgery when the muscle is cut, and has no special value for the surgical process or clinical treatment, so people did not bother to study it seriously in the past. From the above description, one can roughly understand their significance for closed surgery. Below we describe the distribution, anatomical location, and physiopathological characteristics of some of the bursae and interosseous membranes in the human body, respectively. The bursa of the human body is also called the bursa of synovial fluid, which is a sac-like structure filled with fluid inside. The wall of the bursa is very thin and can produce and secrete synovial fluid, mostly around the joints, at the bony prominence of the fascia and above and below the tendons (this bursa is often called the subtendinous and supatendinous bursa). Its main function is to reduce friction between tissues and to act as a lubricant in order to protect the tissues concerned from damage during movement. There are many bursae in the human body, now we introduce them one by one from top to bottom. Bursa of the neck 2. Bursa of the back of the shoulder 3. Bursa of the elbow 4. Bursa of the wrist 5. Bursa of the hip 6. Bursa of the knee 7. Bursa of the foot and ankle 3. Muscles (a) Facial muscles (b) Chewing muscles (c) Neck muscles (d) Thoracic muscles (e) Back muscles and collar muscles (f) Abdominal muscles (g) Upper limb muscles (h) Lower limb muscles 4. (iii) Microscopic anatomy of the starting and ending points of the temporomandibular ligaments (iv) Microscopic anatomy of the starting and ending points of the ligaments of the upper limbs (v) Microscopic anatomy of the starting and ending points of the ligaments of the lower limbs V. Neurovascular bundle The neurovascular bundle is an extremely small anatomical structure in the human body, in which the nerve tissue is often nerve endings and entwined with capillaries, hence the name neurovascular bundle, which can be considered a negligible microscopic anatomical structure in the human body. It is a microscopic anatomical structure that can be ignored in the human body. However, it is an extremely valuable anatomical structure in human painful diseases, because the neurovascular bundle is extremely sensitive, and when it is damaged (including extrusion, ischemia, inflammatory stimulation, injury), it can cause extremely obvious pain sensation. It can even be said that all painful disorders in the human body are transmitted to the center through the neurovascular bundle, which is the most sensitive receptor. The neurovascular bundle is a much longer tissue structure than a hair, so it is not a nerve endings in the general sense, but a special kind of peripheral nerve. Its main function is to regulate the associated capillaries and to perceive pain, and its conduction of other senses is relatively sluggish, such as warmth and touch, when they do not pose harm to it, and its response is poor. Therefore, the study of the neurovascular bundle is extremely valuable for the treatment of some painful diseases. Once we know the anatomical characteristics and functional role of the neurovascular bundle, we need not perform complicated treatment operations for some diseases, but will find an extremely simple and immediate treatment method, such as we cut the neurovascular bundle directly with a needle knife, or release its compression, or unblock the microcirculation. This brings neither serious damage to the body, nor any after-effects. This is because cutting off the neurovascular bundle does not have any effect on the local motor and sensory functions of the body. The neurovascular bundle is widely distributed in the human body, and since we do not know much about its functional role in the past, little research has been done on it, so we will introduce some of the anatomical locations and distribution of the neurovascular bundle. 1.Head and face 2.Shoulder and back 3.Upper extremity 4.Thorax and back 5.Lumbar and hip 6.Lower extremity 6.Part of the fascial variation of the tiny structure 【Circumoccipital fascia】：Circumoccipital fascia is the thickened part of the deep fascia of the neck at the posterior margin of the greater occipital foramen and the posterior arch of the atlantoaxial vertebrae. Its functional role is to control the excessive forward flexion of the head. The upper end of the circumoccipital fascia is attached to the upper posterior edge of the foramen magnum and the lower end is attached to the lateral edge of the posterior arch of the atlantoaxial vertebrae. This fascia is easily strained and contracted, so the distance between the posterior edge of the foramen magnum and the posterior arch of the atlantoaxial vertebrae is drawn closer, and the vertebral artery lying in the vertebral artery groove above the posterior arch of the atlantoaxial vertebrae is squeezed, causing ischemic vertigo in the brain. Lumbar rib ligament]: The lumbar rib fascia is the deep fascia of the lumbar region. It is divided into three layers: the superficial layer is thicker, located on the deep side of the latissimus dorsi muscle and the lower posterior serratus muscle, the surface of the sacrospinous muscle, upward and continuous with the deep fascia of the neck, downward attached to the iliac crest and the lateral sacrum; the middle layer is located between the sacrospinous muscle and the lumbar square muscle, in the form of a tendon membrane, white and shiny. In the lateral edge of the sacrospinous muscle and superficial fascia fusion and constitute the tendon membrane of the beginning of the abdominal muscle; deep fascia of the upper part of the special thickened part is called lumbar rib ligament, this ligament ends at the lower dorsal edge of the twelve ribs and is attached to the iliac crest. This ligament has one on each side of the lumbar region and plays an important role in maintaining the upright posture of humans. The most common lumbodorsal fascia injury is the lumbar costal ligament injury