A mammogram uses X-rays to detect abnormal growths or changes within the breast tissue.
The examiner compresses the breast and takes images at at least two angles using a special X-ray device for breast tissue, called a mammogram. The breast tissue is white and clear, and the fatty tissue is dark and translucent.
Why do I need a mammogram?
A mammogram is performed as part of a routine physical exam to detect any abnormal changes in the breast and also to provide a baseline reference of the breast for later comparison.
A mammogram can help your doctor determine if a lump or other lesion in your breast needs further testing, and can also look for lumps that are too small for your doctor to find on a physical exam.
Mammography is seen as a good preventive method for breast cancer, detecting early disease quickly, often before a lump is felt on a breast exam. Studies have clearly shown that mammograms can improve breast cancer survival rates.
What should I do to prepare for a mammogram?
Tell your doctor and the examiner if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant.
There is no need to change your diet and take your medications normally. On the day of the exam, no body powder, cream, deodorant, or lotion should be applied to the chest; these substances may interfere with the x-ray. You should usually remove all clothing above the waist and wear a hospital gown during the exam. All jewelry should be removed during the exam.
How do I get a mammogram?
The mammogram is done by a technologist, and a doctor with expertise in interpreting the images (radiologist) interprets the x-ray.
The exam involves standing in front of the x-ray machine. The examiner will help place the breast between two breast pallets, which squeeze the breast. The breast must be squeezed to get the clearest image with the least amount of radiation. This may cause some discomfort or slight pain, but this discomfort will only last a few seconds while the images are being acquired. These few seconds of cooperation are essential for obtaining a clear image. If you feel too much pressure, you should inform the examiner. To minimize discomfort when squeezing, it is best to be examined within 7 to 10 days after the start of your period, when the breast is less likely to be distended.
Breast radiographs are usually taken in several locations to allow the doctor to fully view all breast tissue. For routine screening, 2 images are usually taken of each breast, and the exam takes about a few minutes. Some facilities can also perform a 3-D mammogram, which is similar to a routine mammogram, but more information is taken from all angles of the breast to create a 3-D image that can be easily examined by the doctor.
After the initial examination images, the radiologist may request additional images or a breast ultrasound to obtain a more accurate diagnosis.
What to expect after the exam
After a mammogram, the breast may experience temporary skin discoloration or mild pain from being squeezed, and aspirin or ibuprofen may be taken to relieve discomfort. Usually, normal activity can be resumed straight away.
The results of the exam will be provided to the doctor, who will discuss the results with the examinee and provide additional recommendations.
The American Cancer Society reports that a cancer diagnosis is reported in about 1 to 2 out of every 1,000 mammograms. About 10% of women will need to have another mammogram. If this happens, don’t panic. Only 8-10% of women will need a biopsy, and 80% of biopsies are not cancerous. These numbers may change with the widespread use of 3-D mammograms.
Should I have a mammogram screening and breast self-examination?
The decision to get a mammogram is a joint decision between the doctor and the patient. If you are over 40 years old, you should consult with your doctor about the need to start a mammogram. Mammograms are an important part of a person’s medical history and a record of X-rays (mammograms) should be kept.
Not all breast cancers can be detected by mammography, especially in young women with dense breasts. Mammograms can be seen every 3 years starting at age 20 and annually starting at age 40.