Low back and leg pain is a common clinical condition. The causes of low back pain are complex, and can be the effect of systemic factors or local factors. In terms of local factors alone, there are disease factors such as herniated discs and lumbar tuberculosis; there are also injury factors such as acute lumbar sprain and chronic lumbar strain; and there is also strain-related lumbago caused by overexertion. In the middle-aged and elderly population, chronic lumbar strain is the most common, but it needs to be differentiated from other factors caused by lumbago to prevent misdiagnosis. In comparison, herniated disc, lumbar tuberculosis and acute lumbar sprain are not very difficult to distinguish because they have characteristic lumbar pain, or have an acute course, or have obvious systemic symptoms. In contrast, exertional lumbago and chronic lumbar strain have relatively similar clinical manifestations, both of which are widespread lumbago and have the characteristic of aggravation after activity. Therefore, careful differentiation is needed in order to develop a scientific and reasonable prevention and treatment plan. The onset of exertional lumbago is a kind of widespread lumbar pain that occurs after a large number of activities in a relatively concentrated period of time in people who usually lack exercise and exercise. This is because the patient usually has less lumbar activity and poor adaptation of lumbar muscles, once too much activity will cause excessive production of metabolites, such as lactic acid, which will gather in large quantities in the lumbar area and stimulate the tissue to produce soreness and discomfort. Most of the chronic lumbar muscle strain has a history of acute lumbar sprain, which can be repeated due to improper treatment or improper conditioning, leading to the occurrence of lumbar muscle strain. It can also be caused by long-term bending labor or improper sitting posture, causing the lumbar muscles to be under tension for a long time, which eventually leads to the occurrence of lumbar muscle strain. The clinical characteristics of exertional lumbago are that there is no history of lumbago on weekdays, but if more or heavier physical activities are carried out within a concentrated period of time, such as excessive labor intensity and excessive exercise, the lumbar region suddenly feels pain and discomfort, and the pain increases after a night’s sleep, or even wakes up at night with pain, and there is also a tendency for the activity to increase during the day. Physical examination shows mild swelling on both sides of the lumbar region, and there are more extensive pressure points when palpating, and the pain can be aggravated when pounding. The clinical characteristics of chronic lumbar strain are insidious onset and slow progression. The lumbar pain is aggravated during exertion, relieved at rest, and reappears when the amount of activity increases again. There is no swelling in the lumbar region on physical examination. Although the patient feels a wide range of low back pain, there is no clear pressure point, and pounding on the low back does not aggravate the pain, but can make the low back feel comfortable. The main point of prevention and treatment is that exertional low back pain is not a real disease and injury, and generally no medication is needed. After a clear diagnosis, a hot bath and sufficient rest can be taken, and most of them can be relieved within 1-2 days. Individuals with significant back pain, bathing and rest can not be relieved or affect rest, 1-2 tablets of ibuprofen or painkillers can be taken to relieve pain. Preventive measures First, participate in regular exercise and pay attention to strengthening the lumbar muscles, such as doing sit-ups and push-ups; second, prevent over-exercise and high-intensity labor, and combine work and rest in daily life and travel to avoid the occurrence of exertional lumbago. Chronic lumbar muscle strain needs to be treated seriously, not only to rest properly during lumbar pain, but also to take comprehensive treatment measures to relieve pain, improve the condition and prevent the lumbar muscles from changing to fibrosis. Specific measures include rest, keeping the lumbar region braked, taking painkillers such as ibuprofen or anti-inflammatory pain, and going to the hospital if the pain is severe. For those with localized painful spots, prednisolone acetate or hydrocortisone acetate and procaine can be used for painful spot injections, once every 5-7 days, 3-4 times as a course of treatment. For those with widespread back pain without obvious pain points, massage, physiotherapy or acupuncture are feasible. After pain relief, one should pay attention to maintain good sitting and standing posture, i.e., head up and level view, abdomen, chest up, maintain the normal physiological curvature of the spine, and avoid excessive forward convexity of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae; second, strengthen physical exercise to enhance the strength of the lumbar region; third, avoid excessive bending and prolonged sitting still. In order to avoid recurrence of the disease causing persistent pain and limited activities in the lumbar region, then it will be more difficult to control.