Thoracolumbar compression fracture is the most common type of fracture among fragility fractures caused by osteoporosis, with a very high incidence in the elderly population. According to the patient’s clinical manifestations, it can be divided into insidious and symptomatic. Insidious refers to the fact that although the patient has a compression fracture of the vertebral body, there is no clinical manifestation of pain, and this kind of fracture is usually found when other examinations are conducted, and often develops gradually in daily life without attracting attention. Symptomatic refers to the fracture because the fracture causes the patient to have obvious pain manifestations, and according to the time of occurrence of the fracture is categorized into fresh fracture and old fracture. There is another type of fracture where the patient has pain, but the morphology of the thoracolumbar vertebrae looks normal on film, and it takes an MRI to find a slight fracture line in the vertebrae; this type of fracture is known as a microfracture. Treatment is usually based on the classification of the patient’s fracture. If it is occult, the main focus is on good anti-osteoporosis treatment and increased protection to prevent further aggravation of the fracture. If the fracture is symptomatic or microfracture, depending on the patient’s specific situation, such as the degree of pain, the degree of compression of the fracture, and physical condition, the patient may choose to have minimally invasive surgery or conservative treatment. Minimally invasive surgery refers to vertebroplasty, which is usually performed under local anesthesia. Medical cement is injected into the fracture site to eliminate fracture micro-motion, thus achieving good pain relief, and the patient is usually able to walk on the ground after the surgery. Conservative treatment is mainly bedridden, after the pain symptoms are relieved, and then wear a waist cuff to move around on the ground. With the support of the Natural Fund of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Beijing Military General Hospital has formulated the “Diagnostic and Treatment Protocol for Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture”, which is specifically designed for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture of the elderly to carry out a standardized research, and the study was carried out in a number of tertiary hospitals and secondary hospitals of Beijing, with the main purpose to provide a standardized treatment for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. The main purpose of the study is to diagnose and treat elderly patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in accordance with the established diagnostic and treatment protocol, which is expected to improve the diagnosis rate, increase the cure rate, reduce the rate of missed diagnosis, reduce the rate of disability, and reduce the cost of hospitalization.