Bone marrow exchange is bone marrow transplantation, which in clinical practice is divided into autologous bone marrow transplantation and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation depending on the source of the bone marrow cells. Autologous bone marrow transplantation is to isolate the hematopoietic stem cells from the patient’s body, freeze them in liquid nitrogen, and then after the patient is pretreated, the frozen hematopoietic stem cells are thawed and quickly injected into the patient’s body to make the hematopoietic stem cells grow in the patient’s body, and this process is autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is to extract someone else’s hematopoietic stem cells, and then after the patient is pretreated, the hematopoietic stem cells are then infused into the patient’s body, so that the hematopoietic stem cells can proliferate and divide in the patient’s body, which is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone marrow transplantation is currently the most effective treatment for various malignant hematological diseases, such as acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and so on. A significant number of patients can be cured through bone marrow transplantation.